Died: 1 October 1919 in Crookham, Hampshire, England

Philip Jourdain's mother was Emily Clay and his father was Francis Jourdain, who was the vicar of Ashbourne in Derbyshire. Philip was born into a large family in the vicarage at Ashbourne. He suffered from severe disabilities all his life caused by Friedreich's ataxia. As a young boy he showed a marked aptitude for both mathematics and mechanical inventions. He attended Cheltenham College where he was already finding it difficult to walk and was essentially a cripple by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1898. It was clear that he would struggle to cope with life at university with this illness which was progressive but only slowly so. His undergraduate years were very difficult and he had great successes and great disappointments. One of the highlights was a course on mathematical logic given by Russell which strongly influenced Jourdain. However, he did very poorly in his degree and, unable to take part two of the Mathematical Tripos due to illness, had to settle for only a pass degree. However he received an honourable mention in the competition for the Smith's prizes and he was awarded the Allen studentship for research in 1904.

Inspired by Russell, Jourdain worked mainly in mathematical logic. He wrote a number of articles, between 1906 and 1913, explaining and evaluating Cantor's set theory under the title Development of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers. In his work he clarified a remark by Russell and formulated precisely the paradox of the largest ordinal. In 1913 Jourdain proposed the card paradox. This was a card on one side of which was printed:

The sentence on the other side of this card is TRUE.

On the other side of the card the sentence read:

The sentence on the other side of this card is FALSE.

Other papers which he wrote on mathematical logic and the foundations of set theory include On the question of the existence of transfinite numbers which was published in the Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society in 1907.

Jourdain also applied logic to physics in papers such as On some Points in the Foundation of Mathematical Physics which was published in The Monist in 1908. In this paper he applied results from his earlier work On the general theory of functions to study causality in physics. Other papers relating to physics include On those principles of mechanics which depend upon processes of variation (1908), The principle of least action (1913), and The influence of Fourier's theory on the conduction of heat on the development of pure mathematics (1917).

We quote from [6] a description of Jourdain's many other contributions to mathematics:-

His disinterested and efficient work in abstracting mathematical papers for the "Revue Semestrielle", and in writing the "Recent advances" in Science Progress, are examples of his labours for the advancement of mathematics. His extensive correspondence on mathematical subjects with eminent mathematicians of all nationalities shows that he was in touch with mathematical thought all over the world. The plans which he was lately elaborating for the advancement of science were to ensure the translation of all scientific papers and articles into English and French. As another example of his activities, we may refer to his attempts to republish the works of Newton. Jourdain was recognised as the leading authority on Newton, and had done a large amount of research, with a view to publication of a new edition. This is hardly the place to describe in detail his other activities, such as his editorship of "The Monist" and the International Journal of Ethics, his many researches into the history of science, and his important work on induction and probability, which was in course of publication in "Mind". We must, however, mention that Jourdain had in preparation a large work on "The History of Mathematical Thought". It is quite evident that, with his intimate knowledge of foreign languages, and his keen interest in the evolution of abstract ideas, he was the ideal author of such a book.

1. Biography by I.] Grattan-Guinness, in Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004).

Books:

1. I Grattan-Guinness (ed.), Philip E B Jourdain : Selected essays on the history of set theory and logics (1906-1918) (Bologna, 1991).
2. I Grattan-Guinness, Dear Russell - dear Jourdain. A commentary on Russell's logic, based on his correspondence with Philip Jourdain (New York, 1977).

Articles:

1. Bibliography of Philip Jourdain (1879-1919), mathematician and historian (Spanish), Mathesis. Mathesis 1 (2) (1985), 159-171.
2. I Grattan-Guinness, The correspondence between Georg Cantor and Philip Jourdain, Jber. Deutsch. Math.-Verein. 73 (1) (1971/72), 111-130.
3. Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain, Proc. London Math. Soc. 19 (1921), 59-60.
4. G Loria, Philip E B Jourdain : matematico e storico della scienza, 1879-1919, Archivio di Storia della Scienza 2 (1921-2), 167-184.
5. G Sarton and L Jourdain, Philip E B Jourdain, 1879-1919, Isis 5 (1922-3), 126-136.