Born: 10 November 1829 in Montjoie Aachen (now Monschau), Germany

Died: 15 March 1900 in Strasbourg, France

Elwin Christoffel was noted for his work in mathematical analysis, in which he was a follower of Dirichlet and Riemann.

Christoffel's parents both came from families who were in the cloth trade. He attended an elementary school in Montjoie (which was renamed Monschau in 1918) but then spent a number of years being tutored at home in languages, mathematics and classics. He attended secondary schools from 1844 until 1849. At first he studied at the Jesuit Gymnasium in Cologne but moved to the Friedrich-Wilhelms Gymnasium in the same town for at least the three final years of his school education. He was awarded the final school certificate with a distinction in 1849.

Christoffel studied at the University of Berlin from 1850 where he was taught by Borchardt, Eisenstein, Joachimsthal, Steiner and Dirichlet. It was Dirichlet who had the greatest influence on him and Christoffel is rightly thought of as a student of Dirichlet's.

After one year of military service in the Guards Artillery Brigade, he returned to Berlin to study for his doctorate which he was awarded in 1856 with a dissertation on the motion of electricity in homogeneous bodies. His examiners included mathematicians and physicists, Kummer being one of the mathematics examiners.

At this point Christoffel spent three years outside the academic world. He returned to Montjoie where his mother was in poor health but read widely from the works of Dirichlet, Riemann and Cauchy. It has been suggested that this period of academic isolation had a major effect on his personality and on his independent approach towards mathematics. Butzer, in [3], remarks that Christoffel's biographers have described him as

a lonely man, ... shy, distrustful, unsociable, irritable and brusque.

It would seem unreasonable to attribute these aspects of his character solely to these three years, yet clearly these years had a large influence on him and certainly contributed to his being an very independent thinker. It was during this time that he published his first two papers. These papers, which appeared in 1858, are on numerical analysis, in particular numerical integration. He generalised Gauss's method of quadrature and expressed the polynomials which are involved as a determinant. This is now called Christoffel's theorem.

In 1859 Christoffel took the qualifying examination to become a university teacher and was appointed a lecturer at the University of Berlin. In 1862 he was appointed to the chair at the Polytechnicum in Zurich, filling the post left vacant when Dedekind went to Brunswick. The Polytechnic School in Zurich had been set up seven years before and the mathematics courses which they offered were mainly aimed at engineering students. Christoffel was to have a huge influence on mathematics at the Polytechnicum, setting up an institute for mathematics and the natural sciences there.

In 1868 Christoffel was offered a chair at the Gewerbsakademie in Berlin which is now the University of Technology of Berlin. This was not the first time an attempt had been made to interest Christoffel in moving to this university since a new position had been set up and the university authorities wanted an eminent mathematician to fill he post. Shortly after the 1868 offer to Christoffel another position was offered to him, namely to become a founding director of the new Polytechnicum at Aachen. This new university, now the prestigious Rheinisch- Westfälische Technische Hochschule at Aachen, must have been an attractive idea to Christoffel who was born and brought up close to Aachen.

Christoffel, however, did not accept the Aachen position: perhaps he was already committed to the Gewerbsakademie in Berlin for he certainly left Zurich for Berlin to take up his new post on 1 April 1869. This move may have been a mistake for Christoffel. He and his colleague Aronhold tried to attract high quality students to the Gewerbsakademie but this proved difficult with the highly prestigious University of Berlin with Weierstrass, Kummer and Kronecker close by.

After three years at the Gewerbsakademie in Berlin, Christoffel was offered the chair of mathematics at the University of Strasbourg. This was a university with a long and distinguished past, but the university was undergoing a major reorganisation following the Prussian capture of Alsace- Lorraine. From his appointment in 1872 Christoffel began to built up a new Institute for mathematics there much along the lines which he had followed in Zurich 10 years before. He was assisted in his efforts to build this new highly successful department by his colleague Reye.

Christoffel was to hold this chair until he was forced to retire due to ill health in 1892. He broke his arm in an accident shortly before he retired and this was certainly one of the reasons he decided to retire. Heinrich Weber was appointed to succeed him at Strasbourg in 1895.

Christoffel supervised six doctoral students while at Strasbourg. At least four of these were to become university professors of mathematics, including Paul Epstein.

Christoffel published papers on function theory including conformal mappings, geometry and tensor analysis, Riemann's o-function, the theory of invariants, orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions, differential equations and potential theory, light, and shock waves.

Some of Christoffel's early work was on conformal mappings of a simply connected region bounded by polygons onto a circle. This work on conformal mappings was published in four papers between 1868 and 1870. The first of these papers was written while Christoffel was at Zurich, the remaining three papers on the Christoffel-Schwarz formula were written while he was at the Gewerbsakademie in Berlin.

Between 1865 and 1871 Christoffel published four important papers on potential theory, three of them dealing with the Dirichlet problem. In 1877 Christoffel published a paper on the propagation of plane waves in media with a surface discontinuity. This was an early contribution to the theory of shock waves and followed earlier work on one dimensional gas flows by Riemann.

Christoffel was interested in the theory of invariants. He wrote six papers on this topic. He wrote important papers which contributed to the development of the tensor calculus of C G Ricci-Curbastro and Tullio Levi-Civita. The Christoffel symbols [ij,k] which he introduced are fundamental in the study of tensor analysis. The Christoffel reduction theorem, so named by Klein, solves the local equivalence problem for two quadratic differential forms. In [3] Butzer writes:-

The procedure Christoffel employed in his solution of the equivalence problem is what Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro later called covariant differentiation, Christoffel also used the latter concept to define the basic Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. ... The importance of this approach and the two concepts Christoffel introduced, at least implicitly, can only be judged when on considers the influence it has had.

Indeed this influence is clearly seen since this allowed Ricci-Curbastro and Levi-Civita to develop a coordinate free differential calculus which Einstein, with the help of Grossmann, turned into the tensor analysis mathematical foundation of general relativity.

Christoffel wrote 35 papers but this does not represent the full extent of his mathematical work. In fact, in common with many others at that time, much of his original research was put into his lecture courses and only through that source was it known. Timerding described Christoffel's teaching, this description is quoted in [3]:-

Christoffel was one of the most polished teachers ever to occupy a chair. His lectures were meticulously prepared, to the smallest detail ... His delivery was lucid and of the greatest aesthetic perfection ... The core of the lectures was the course on complex function theory, distinguished by the inspirational name of Riemann. Christoffel had developed Riemann's function theory independently, particularly in the area of ultraelliptic functions, but did not publish his research, presenting them only in his lectures, after the model of Weierstrass.

It is very difficult to rank mathematicians. How does one compare someone who worked solely in one area with another who contributed to many areas? Again how does one compare someone who worked on differential equations with a geometer? Despite the obvious difficulties, and minor differences of opinion, it is still surprising how much agreement there is on such a ranking. In [5] Butzer and Fehér attempt to fit Christoffel into such a ranking:-

It is difficult to compare a differential geometer with a function theorist, or those working on ordinary and partial differential equations with numerical analysts. Christoffel not only contributed to all these fields, but his interests extended to orthogonal polynomials and continued fractions, and the applications of his work to the foundations of tensor analysis, to geodetical science, to the theory of shock waves, to the dispersion of light. Nevertheless, it is widely recognised, at least in the German speaking countries of Europe, that Riemann was the best mathematician of the 19th century, behind Gauss and ahead of Weierstrass. In our opinion Christoffel's teacher Dirichlet, belongs to the next most important group of mathematicians which includes (in chronological order of birth) Jacobi, Kummer, Kronecker, Dedekind, Cantor and Klein. Christoffel himself should be placed in a second group following these. This second group, which may partly overlap with the former, would include such illustrious names as Möbius, von Staudt, Plücker, Heine, Du Bois-Reymond, Carl Neumann, Lipschitz, Fuchs, Schwarz, Hurwitz and Minkowski.

1. D J Struik, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900897.html

Articles:

1. F V Atkinson, Christoffel's work on shock waves, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 718-720.
2. P L Butzer, An outline of the life and work of E B Christoffel, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 2-29.
3. P L Butzer, An outline of the life and work of E. B. Christoffel (1829-1900), Historia Math. 8 (3) (1981), 243-276.
4. P L Butzer and F Fehér, A general evaluation of Christoffel, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 750.
5. P L Butzer and E L Stark, 'Riemann's example' of a continuous nondifferentiable function in the light of two letters (1865) of Christoffel to Prym, Bull. Soc. Math. Belg. Sér. A 38 (1986), 45-73.
6. C F Geiser, Elwin Bruno Christoffel, in L Maurer (ed.), E B Christoffel: Gesammelte Mathematische Abhandlungen (Leipzig), V-XV.
7. C F Geiser and L Maurer, Elwin Bruno Christoffel, Mathematische Annalen 54 (1901), 329-341.
8. E Knobloch, Die Berliner Gewerbeakademie und ihre Mathematiker, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 42-51.
9. M A Knus, Christoffel und die Mathematik an der polytechischen Schule Zurich, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 33-41.
10. K E B Leichtweiss,Christoffels Einfluss auf die Geometrie, in Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Mathematischen Gesellschaft (Berlin, 1987), 93-103.
11. E L Stark, Elwin Bruno Christoffel zum 150 : Geburtstag, Praxis Math. 22 (2) (1980), 54-55.
12. W Süss, Christoffel E B, Neue Deutsche Biographie III (Berlin), 241-242.
13. W Windelbrand, Zum Gedächtnis E B Christoffel, Mathematische Annalen 54 (1901), 341-344.
14. F R Wollmershäuser, Das Mathematische Seminar der Universität Strassburg 1872-1900, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 52-71.
15. P Wynn, The work of E. B. Christoffel on the theory of continued fractions, in P L Butzer and F Fehér (eds.), E B Christoffel: The influence of his work on mathematics and the physical sciences (Basel- Boston- Stuttgart, 1981), 190-202.