Born: 28 September 1605 in Loudun, France
Died: 25 November 1694 in Paris, France

Ismael Boulliau's mother was Susanna Motet and his father was Ismael Boulliau; both were Calvinists. Ismael Boulliau, the father, was a notary by profession but was an amateur astronomer who made observations in Loudun. His son, the subject of this biography, described him as having [6]:-

... a very clever mind and a character suited both to seriousness and pleasantness.

Susanna and Ismael Senior had their first son on 3 August 1604. He was called Ismael after his father but he did not live. They then called their second child, who was born in the following year, Ismael. He did survive and become a famous astronomer and mathematician. He is the Ismael Boulliau of this biography.

Let us note that there was in Loudun an important circle of intellectuals of which Ismael Boulliau Senior was part. They met in a local hotel and provided a focus for other visiting scholars. It was important for the young Ismael who attended these meetings and became acquainted with many leading men of the day. Certainly as the young boy grew up he was taught about astronomy by his father although he studied law and the humanities rather than science. We know that Boulliau's father observed the comet of 1607 which would later be called Halley's comet. He also observed another comet in 1618 when his son was 13 years old. This must have been an exciting event for both father and son, and Boulliau later published details of his father's observations of these comets in his famous treatise of 1645.

Boulliau was brought up a Calvanist by two Calvanist parents. However when he was 21 years old he became a convert to Roman Catholicism. By the age of 26 he was ordained as a Catholic priest and one year later, in 1632, he went to Paris. There he worked as a librarian associated with the brothers Pierre and Jacques Dupuy who were working on the Bibliothèque du Roi. This library, which dated back to the fourteenth century, was moved to Paris between 1567 and 1593. It had been catalogued in 1622, ten years before Boulliau arrived in Paris, and Pierre and Jacques Dupuy travelled throughout France amassing books and manusctripts for the library. The de Thou family were also heavily involved with the Bibliothèque du Roi, and they provided financial support for Boulliau in his work as a librarian. Boulliau had the right skills for the work he undertook, for he was a broad scholar with a deep interest in history, philosophy and classics, yet equally at home in the scientific circles of Paris where he began to shine building on the firm foundations in astronomy taught by his father.

In his capacity as librarian Boulliau travelled widely in Italy, Holland and Germany buying books. In 1657, after the death of his two employers the brothers Dupuy, he worked as a secretary to the French ambassador to Holland who was a member of the de Thou family. He was to work again as a librarian, this time for the same French ambassador de Thou, but after a dispute with him in 1666 he lived at the Collège de Laon. He spent the last five years of his life in the same occupation in which he started his career, becoming a priest at the Abbey St Victor.

Boulliau was a friend of Pascal, Mersenne and Gassendi and supported Galileo and Copernicus. He published De natura lucis (1638) which was based largely on the discussions he had been having with Gassendi on the nature of light. He certainly did not agree with Gassendi's atomic theory but took his own three dimensional view of light. His next work Philolaus (1639) had in fact been available in manuscript form for some years before it was published. It supported the world view of Copernicus, and is only remarkable in that it must have been quite difficult for a recent convert to Catholicism to openly support such views. His next work was on mathematics, namely his edition of the arithmetic text Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium by Theon of Smyrna which was the first printed version of this text. It appeared in 1644 and later in the same year he wrote to Mersenne (who was in Rome) on 16 December [6]:-

I think few people have seen my Theon, as only a few copies were taken to Italy. The Dutch and Polish received several.

In 1645 Boulliau published Astronomia philolaica which accepts elliptical orbits for planets. He wrote in the same letter to Mersenne:-

The Astronomia philolaica is finally complete, but I have a quarrel on my hands, as Jean-Baptiste Morin, the Prince - according to his own views - of the whole of Astronomy, has come across something not to his advantage or liking. The simple suggestion I put to him should make him wiser and more reserved in making injurious statements against someone who has never made such cruel remarks, and who has never offended him.

He claimed that if a planetary moving force existed then it should vary inversely as the square of the distance (Kepler had claimed the first power):-

As for the power by which the Sun seizes or holds the planets, and which, being corporeal, functions in the manner of hands, it is emitted in straight lines throughout the whole extent of the world, and like the species of the Sun, it turns with the body of the Sun; now, seeing that it is corporeal, it becomes weaker and attenuated at a greater distance or interval, and the ratio of its decrease in strength is the same as in the case of light, namely, the duplicate proportion, but inversely, of the distances that is, 1/d².

However he then argues that the sun does not produce a planetary moving force:-

... I say that the Sun is moved by its own form around its axis, by which form it was ignited and made light, indeed I say that no kind of motion presses upon the remaining planets ... indeed [I say] that the individual planets are driven round by individual forms with which they were provided ...

The Astronomia philolaica represents the most significant treatise between Kepler and Newton and it was praised by Newton in his Principia, particularly for the inverse square hypothesis and its accurate tables. There is one aspect of Boulliau's philosophy which is well worth commenting on - namely the fact that he believed in simple explanations and moreover he wanted many different observed properties to result from a single cause. He did not achieve his aim, that would be achieved by Newton, but at least he set the scene for such developments. He later published further mathematics texts, but they are not of much significance. De lineis spiralibus (1657) related to work by Archimedes and Pappus. Then in 1682 he published Opus novum ad arithmeticam infinitorum which he claimed clarified the Arithmetica infinitorum of Wallis. The other astronomy text worth mentioning is Ad astronomos monita duo (1667) in which he established for the first time the period of the variable star Mira Ceti, a long-period variable. He gave 333 days which is a good estimate and only about one day too long.

Boulliau was a close associate of Huygens who turned to him first with his discovery of the rings of Saturn and sent him pendulum clocks. One of the most interesting aspects for modern research into Boulliau, however, is that he was a prolific correspondent. This correspondence covers about sixty years, between shortly after his arrival in Paris in 1632 and the year before his death. It is also interesting that this correspondence covers 45 years after Mersenne's death, so we can think of him as filling his role. How many letters are we talking about here? It is amazing to realise that historians have over 5,000 letters and so their assessment is still an ongoing task. They are full of news, much of it trivial in nature, about science and politics.

1. C B Boyer, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). 
   http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900565.html

Books:

1. G Bigourdan, Histoire de l'astronomie d'observation et des observatoires en France (Paris, 1918).
2. R A Hatch, The Collection Boulliau (Philadelphia, 1982).

Articles:

1. W Applebaum and R A Hatch, Boulliau, Mercator, and Horrocks's 'Venus in sole visa' : three unpublished letters, J. Hist. Astronom. 14 (3) (1983), 166-179.
2. R A Hatch, Between Erudition and Science : The Archive and Correspondence Network of Ismael Boulliau, in Archives of the Scientific Revolution (Boydell & Brewer, London, 1998).
3. R A Hatch, http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/11-ResearchProjects/boulliau/index.htm
4. P Humbert, Les astronomes françaises de 1610 à 1667, Bulletin de la Société d'études scientifiques et archéologiques de Draguignan et du Var 42 (1942), 5-72.