Squamous papilloma

 • Uncommon lesion, usually seen as a tiny white polyp in the distal oesophagus at endoscopy.

 • Cases have been reported in association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

 • Dysplasia is uncommon.

• histology shows a bland squamous epithelium forming papillary projections.

Leiomyoma

• Uncommon benign smooth muscle tumour arising from the muscular layers of the oesophagus. More common than GI stromal tumours at this site.

 • Usually produces a polypoid mass covered by mucosa that may show surface ulceration.

• histology shows interlacing fascicles of bland smooth muscle cells.

Granular cell tumour

• Uncommon neural tumour which can occur anywhere in the GI tract, but most frequently in the tongue and oesophagus.

 • forms a small firm, raised mucosal nodule in the lower oesophagus.

 • histologically characterized by aggregates of large polygonal cells with conspicuous granular cytoplasm.

• Almost all are benign, though very rare malignant cases have been reported.

Fibrovascular polyp

 • rare oesophageal lesion which typically presents with dysphagia.

 • Can reach an alarmingly large size (up to 25 cm long!), such that it can regurgitate into the pharynx or mouth.

 • endoscopically visible as a pedunculated lesion on a long stalk.

• histology shows a polypoid lesion covered by squamous epithelium with an underlying stromal core composed of loose fibrous tissue, fat, and a prominent vasculature.