Read More
Date: 24-7-2019
1264
Date: 7-2-2016
2493
Date: 17-10-2020
1478
|
The mechanism is catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base. Note! This may speed up the reaction but is has not effect on the equilibriums discussed above. Basic conditions speed up the reaction because hydroxide is a better nucleophilic than water. Acidic conditions speed up the reaction because the protonated carbonyl is more electrophilic.
1) Nucleophilic attack by hydroxide
2) Protonation of the alkoxide
1) Protonation of the carbonyl
2) Nucleophilic attack by water
3) Deprotonation
|
|
تقرير أميركي: هكذا "تسرقنا" منصات التواصل الاجتماعي
|
|
|
|
|
علماء: الاحتباس الحراري يزيد نسبة النباتات الضارة في بحيرات القطب الشمالي
|
|
|
|
|
شعبة التوجيه الديني النسويّ تحتفي بذكرى مولد الصادقين (صلوات الله عليهما)
|
|
|