Bivariate Normal Distribution
المؤلف:
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A.
المصدر:
Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover
الجزء والصفحة:
...
16-8-2018
4293
Bivariate Normal Distribution
The bivariate normal distribution is the statistical distribution with probability density function
 |
(1)
|
where
 |
(2)
|
and
 |
(3)
|
is the correlation of
and
(Kenney and Keeping 1951, pp. 92 and 202-205; Whittaker and Robinson 1967, p. 329) and
is the covariance.
The probability density function of the bivariate normal distribution is implemented as MultinormalDistribution[
{" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline4.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />mu1, mu2
}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline5.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />,
{" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline6.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />
{" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline7.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />sigma11, sigma12
}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline8.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />,
{" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline9.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />sigma12, sigma22
}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline10.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />
}" src="http://mathworld.wolfram.com/images/equations/BivariateNormalDistribution/Inline11.gif" style="height:14px; width:5px" />] in the Wolfram Language package MultivariateStatistics` .
The marginal probabilities are then
and
(Kenney and Keeping 1951, p. 202).
Let
and
be two independent normal variates with means
and
for
, 2. Then the variables
and
defined below are normal bivariates with unit variance and correlation coefficient
:
To derive the bivariate normal probability function, let
and
be normally and independently distributed variates with mean 0 and variance 1, then define
(Kenney and Keeping 1951, p. 92). The variates
and
are then themselves normally distributed with means
and
, variances
and covariance
 |
(14)
|
The covariance matrix is defined by
 |
(15)
|
where
 |
(16)
|
Now, the joint probability density function for
and
is
 |
(17)
|
but from (◇) and (◇), we have
 |
(18)
|
As long as
 |
(19)
|
this can be inverted to give
Therefore,
 |
(22)
|
and expanding the numerator of (22) gives
 |
(23)
|
so
 |
(24)
|
Now, the denominator of (◇) is
 |
(25)
|
so
can be written simply as
 |
(29)
|
and
 |
(30)
|
Solving for
and
and defining
 |
(31)
|
gives
But the Jacobian is
so
 |
(37)
|
and
 |
(38)
|
where
 |
(39)
|
Q.E.D.
The characteristic function of the bivariate normal distribution is given by
where
 |
(42)
|
and
 |
(43)
|
Now let
Then
 |
(46)
|
where
Complete the square in the inner integral
 |
(49)
|
Rearranging to bring the exponential depending on
outside the inner integral, letting
 |
(50)
|
and writing
 |
(51)
|
gives
 |
(52)
|
Expanding the term in braces gives
 |
(53)
|
But
is odd, so the integral over the sine term vanishes, and we are left with
 |
(54)
|
Now evaluate the Gaussian integral
to obtain the explicit form of the characteristic function,
 |
(57)
|
In the singular case that
 |
(58)
|
(Kenney and Keeping 1951, p. 94), it follows that
 |
(59)
|
so
where
The standardized bivariate normal distribution takes
and
. The quadrant probability in this special case is then given analytically by
(Rose and Smith 1996; Stuart and Ord 1998; Rose and Smith 2002, p. 231). Similarly,
REFERENCES:
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A. (Eds.). Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 9th printing. New York: Dover, pp. 936-937, 1972.
Holst, E. "The Bivariate Normal Distribution." http://www.ami.dk/research/bivariate/.
Kenney, J. F. and Keeping, E. S. Mathematics of Statistics, Pt. 2, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1951.
Kotz, S.; Balakrishnan, N.; and Johnson, N. L. "Bivariate and Trivariate Normal Distributions." Ch. 46 in Continuous Multivariate Distributions, Vol. 1: Models and Applications, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, pp. 251-348, 2000.
Rose, C. and Smith, M. D. "The Multivariate Normal Distribution." Mathematica J. 6, 32-37, 1996.
Rose, C. and Smith, M. D. "The Bivariate Normal." §6.4 A in Mathematical Statistics with Mathematica. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 216-226, 2002.
Spiegel, M. R. Theory and Problems of Probability and Statistics. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 118, 1992.
Stuart, A.; and Ord, J. K. Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics, Vol. 1: Distribution Theory, 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Whittaker, E. T. and Robinson, G. "Determination of the Constants in a Normal Frequency Distribution with Two Variables" and "The Frequencies of the Variables Taken Singly." §161-162 in The Calculus of Observations: A Treatise on Numerical Mathematics, 4th ed. New York: Dover, pp. 324-328, 1967.
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