CHLORINATION OF TOLUENE

The chlorination of toluene by substituting the methyl hydrogens is a free radical reaction. A mixture of three chlorides (benzyl chloride, benzal chloride and benzotrichloride) results.

The ratio of the chloride mixture mainly derives from the toluene/chlorine ratio and the contact time. Benzyl chloride is produced by passing dry chlorine into boiling toluene (110°C) until reaching a density of 1.283. At this density, the concentration of benzyl chloride reaches the maximum. Light can initiate the reaction. Benzyl chloride can produce benzyl alcohol by hydrolysis:

a vinyl chloride plasticizer. Benzyl chloride is also a precursor for phenylacetic acid via the intermediate benzyl cyanide. Phenylacetic acid is used to make phenobarbital (a sedative) and penicillin G. Benzal chloride is hydrolyzed to benzaldehyde, and benzotrichloride is hydrolyzed to benzoic acid. Chlorinated toluenes are not large-volume chemicals, but they are precursors for many synthetic chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

مواضيع ذات صلة

سلوك المعادن الطينية في علاقتها مع الماء

تصنيف النفط الخام Classification of Crude Oils

التحليل المطلق Ultimate Analysis

المكونات الرئيسية للنفط الخام الموجود في منطقة القيارة

نفط خام القيار

النفط الخام ومكوناته

النفط والطاقة Oil and Energy

مزائج اسفلت – اسفلتين

أساليب تحوير المواصفات الريولوجية للاسفلت

صفات الاسفلت الريولوجية Properties of Asphalt Rheological

استخدامات الاسفلت Asphalt Uses of

التركيب الكيميائي للاسفلت Chemical Composition of Asphalt