CHLORINATION OF BENZENE 

Chlorination of benzene is an electrophilic substitution reaction in which Cl⁺ serves as the electrophile. The reaction occurs in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as FeCl₃. The products are a mixture of mono- and dichlorobenzenes. The ortho- and the para-dichlorobenzenes are more common than meta-dichlorobenzene. The ratio of the monochloro to dichloro products essentially depends on the benzene/chlorine ratio and the residence time. The ratio of the dichloro-isomers (o- to p- to m-dichlorobenzenes) mainly depends on the reaction temperature and residence time:

Continuous chlorination processes permit the removal of monochlorobenzene as it is formed, resulting in lower yields of higher chlorinated benzene.

Monochlorobenzene is also produced in a vapor-phase process at approximately 300°C. The by-product HCl goes into a regenerative oxychlorination reactor. The catalyst is a promoted copper oxide on a silica carrier:

Higher conversions have been reported when temperatures of 234–315°C and pressures of 40–80 psi are used. Monochlorobenzene is the starting material for many compounds, including phenol and aniline. Others, such as DDT, chloronitrobenzenes, polychlorobenzenes, and biphenyl, do not have as high a demand for monochlorobenzene as aniline and phenol.

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