Several biochemical markers of alcohol abuse, both acute and chronic, have been proposed and can be measured in urine and/or blood. They represent a tool to assess the amount and mode (chronic or acute) of alcohol consumption, and the damage induced on the body by alcoholism. Biomarkers can be classified as direct, i.e., derived directly from the metabolism of ethanol, and indirect, which are released due to alterations induced by ethanol. The latter is characterized by low diagnostic sensitivity and specificity because it increases significantly only after high and regular intake of alcohol, and its levels may vary in response to factors unrelated to ethanol.
Alongside established biomarkers, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume of erythrocytes, which are positive only in advanced states of alcohol-related dis eases, new, earlier, and more specific markers have been identified (Table 1), the main ones of which are (Fig. 1):
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iP++qP7Yb
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 style=height:258px; width:684px />
Table1. Biomarkers of alcohol use
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Fig1. Detection times of the biomarkers of alcoholism. (Copyright EDISES 2021. Reproduced with permission)
• Blood ethanol (EtOH)
 • Urinary ethanol (EtOH)
 • EtG (ethylglucuronide)
• CDT (carbohydrate transferrin)
Blood Ethanol
Circulating ethanol levels are a direct and reliable marker of recent alcohol intake. In addition, assessment of blood ethanol values can give insight into long-term ethanol consumption patterns (Table 2).
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 style=height:248px; width:684px />
Table2. Interpretation of blood ethanol concentration
Ethanol has a short half-life, about 30 minutes, and there fore, its presence can only be detected for a short period.
 Urinary Ethanol
Ethanol peaks in the urine 45–60 minutes after ingestion. Ethanol levels in the urine are generally higher than the corresponding blood levels; this is true in the elimination phase, after ethanol has reached its peak in the blood and, therefore, its circulating levels begin to decline. In addition, alcohol in urine can be detected for a more extended period (up to 1–2 hours longer) than in blood because the urine remains in the bladder for a period. Urinary ethanol is characterized by marked interindividual fluctuations.
The presence of alcohol in the urine indicates recent previous intake but may not be related to the degree of intoxication observed at the time of sample collection. The level of ethanol in the sample refers only to the average concentration of alcohol in the blood during the time it takes for the urine sample to accumulate in the bladder, not to the concentration of alcohol in the blood at the time of collection.
False-negative results may be caused by the volatility of the alcohol. Urine alcohol concentrations may decrease by 10–25% during each hour before the urine sample is analyzed.
Ethylglucuronide (EtD)
Ethylglucuronide is a direct minor metabolite of ethanol and is considered highly specific for the assessment of recent alcohol intake. In particular, it is an ethanol conjugation product formed by reaction with activated glucuronic acid (uridin-5′-diphospho-β-glucuronic acid [UDPGA]) mediated by the uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme.
EtG is in various biological fluids, tissues, and hair. However, it is generally measured in urine. EtG can remain positive for several days after the discontinuation of ethanol intake and, therefore, may provide added value in assessing recent alcohol consumption. In particular, in urine remains for 40–60 hours after alcoholic intake. In the blood, instead, it is detectable up to 14 hours after the intake; an occasional intake of alcohol is enough to exceed the threshold of 0.5 mg/L.
Some studies have indicated diagnostic applications of EtG in postmortem assessments of alcohol consumption and fetal alcohol exposure or in patients awaiting liver transplantation.
Polymorphic variants in genes encoding UGT may have a significant impact on the ability of humans to synthesize EtG and may, therefore, explain interindividual differences in EtG levels after alcohol consumption.
Carbohydrate Transferrin (CDT)
Carbohydrate transferrin is a specific marker of chronic alcohol abuse.
Transferrin is a serum protein that transports iron in the circulation to the target organs (bone marrow, liver, and spleen). From a structural point of view, transferrin is a glycoprotein consisting of a polypeptide with two polysaccharide chains linked with sialic acid residues. The addition of sialic acid occurs through a posttranslational reaction mediated by an enzymatic system with ethanol-dependent glucosyltransferase activity; ethanol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, reduce the enzymatic activity of this system.
There are several forms of transferrin, which differ in the number of iron atoms carried (0–2), the primary structure (genetically determined), and the number of sialic acid resi dues (0–8). Most circulating transferrin (>80%) contains four sialic acid residues (tetrasialotransferrin, TeST); the form with two residues (disialotransferrin, DST) is physio logically present in amounts <2 %, while the desialylated form (asialotransferrin, aST) is almost absent. In the case of massive and continuous ethanol intake, the desialylated fraction increases. The term CDT refers to the set of low sialic acid transferrins and, particularly to the aST and DST forms. CDT has a longer half-life (10 days) than transferrin in the circulation (7 days).
CDT elevation requires the consumption of at least 50–80 g of ethanol per day for several weeks and, therefore, has low sensitivity when used as a screening tool in the gen eral population. However, in alcohol-dependent patients, it is sufficiently sensitive to detect relapse and monitor sobriety.