Reduplication is a morphological process in which all or part of the base is repeated. Some examples are given in (9):

(9a) and (9b) illustrate full reduplication, a process by which an entire base is repeated. In the case of Hausa, full reduplication is used to form what’s called an attenuative, which is a form meaning ‘sort of’ or ‘ a little bit’. In Samoan full reduplication is used to form nouns from verbs. Samoan also has partial reduplication in which only part of the base is repeated:

In (10) you can see that partial reduplication in Samoan repeats the first consonant and vowel of the base; this process derives verbs from nouns. Partial reduplication need not repeat the initial part of a base; it may also in some languages repeat the final part of the base, as the example from Teton Dakota in (11) illustrates:

In this dialect of Dakota, the final syllable of the verb root can be reduplicated to indicate iterative or repetitive action.