Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
ANALOGY MODEL
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P11
2025-07-26
75
+
-
20
ANALOGY MODEL
A theory (Glushko, 1979) that English readers attribute pronunciations to unknown words by tracing analogies with known ones. This is because the opaque nature of the English spelling system means that many words cannot be identified by using simple grapheme phoneme correspondence (GPC) rules.
The most important area in a monosyllabic word appears to be the rime: the vowel plus final consonant(s). Evidence for an analogy effect comes from experiments where readers find it harder to pronounce a non-word such as VINT which has neighbours of varying pronunciations (PINT and MINT) than one such as TADE whose neighbours all rhyme (FADE, MADE, WADE).
Analogy is an important strategy in early reading. However, the extent to which young readers make use of it (as against whole word matches) appears to vary between individuals and may partly reflect the method of instruction. Furthermore, analogy cannot represent a complete alternative to GPC rules. Many multi-syllabic words do not have neighbours; and there are many monosyllabic non-words such as JOOV whose pronunciation is easy to infer but which cannot be matched to similar words. The analogy model has therefore been expanded to include parts of words: the pronuncia tion of JOOV might be determined by its resemblance to (GR)OOV(E).
See also: Dual route, Grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules, Neighbourhood, Reading: decoding, Reading development
Further reading: Goswami (1999); Rayner and Pollatsek (1989)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر مجموعة قصصية بعنوان (قلوب بلا مأوى)
