Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
ACQUISITION
المؤلف:
John Field
المصدر:
Psycholinguistics
الجزء والصفحة:
P3
2025-07-22
125
ACQUISITION
The process of developing competence in a language. The term is used for infants acquiring their native language (first language acquisition) and for those learning a second or foreign language (second language acquisition). In this general sense, it is unproblematic; but researchers run into trouble when they apply the term to the mastery of a specific syntactic structure or lexical item. Here, ‘acquisition’ is often defined as having occurred when the target form is used with 90 per cent accuracy or in 90 per cent of contexts which require it. However, this fails to consider the relative gravity of the errors in the remaining 10 per cent, or instances of avoidance, where the speaker substitutes another word or grammatical form in order to avoid using the most appropriate one. Nor does it take account of:
systematic variation, where the infant or foreign learner uses a form which is different from that of the target language but uses it consistently;
U-shaped development, where the learner appears to have acquired a particular grammatical form, but later begins to make errors again;
category acquisition in vocabulary, where the acquirer may have mastered the form, but may not necessarily recognise the precise range of senses that the form represents;
task demands. A language user (especially a second language learner) may appear to have acquired a form while undertaking a relatively simple language task, but may not produce the form consistently in relation to a more challenging task.
See also: Syntactic development
Further reading: Ingram (1989)
الاكثر قراءة في Linguistics fields
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