A ¹H or ¹³C nucleus in a magnetic field can have two energy levels, and energy is needed to flip the nucleus from the more stable state to the less stable state. But since the amount of energy needed is so small, it can be provided by low-energy electromagnetic radiation of radio-wave frequency. Radio waves flip the nucleus from the lower energy state to the higher state. Turn off the radio pulse and the nucleus returns to the lower energy state. When it does so, the energy comes out again, and this (a tiny pulse of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation) is what we detect. We can now sum up how an NMR machine works.

1. The sample of the unknown compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent, placed in a narrow tube, and put inside a very strong electromagnet. To even out imperfections in   the sample, the tube is spun very fast by a stream of air. Inside the magnetic field, any atomic nuclei with a nuclear spin now possess different energy levels, the exact number of different energy levels depending on the value of the nuclear spin. For 1H and 13C NMR there are two energy levels.

2. The sample is irradiated with a short pulse of radiofrequency energy. This disturbs the equilibrium balance between the two energy levels: some nuclei absorb the energy and are promoted to a higher energy level.

3. When the pulse finishes, the radiation given out as the nuclei fall back down to the lower energy level is detected using what is basically a sophisticated radio receiver.

4. After lots of computation, the results are displayed in the form of intensity (i.e. number of absorptions) against frequency. Here is an example, which we shall return to in more detail later:

مواضيع ذات صلة

Some examples of 1H NMR spectra

A guided tour of the 13C NMR spectra of some simple molecules

Different ways of describing chemical shift

Regions of the 13C NMR spectrum

The reference sample—tetramethyl silane, TMS

The chemical shift scale

Why do chemically distinct nuclei absorb energy at different frequencies?

NMR uses a strong magnetic field

Nuclear magnetic resonance What does it d

Atomic composition can be determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry detects isotopes

Mass spectrometry by chemical ionization, electrospray, or other methods