Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
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Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
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Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
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Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
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Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
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Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
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Antonyms
المؤلف:
David Hornsby
المصدر:
Linguistics A complete introduction
الجزء والصفحة:
187-9
2023-12-26
872
Antonyms
Antonymy involves opposition of meaning, which can take a variety of forms. In the case of gradable antonyms, for example long and short, to affirm one member of the pair is to negate the other:
X is short entails X is not long
X is long entails X is not short
An important property of gradable antonyms is that negation of one does not entail the other, i.e. ‘not tall’ does not entail ‘short’: it is perfectly possible to be neither. They can be used in sentence frames of the ‘X is Y-er than Z’ type, and are distinguished from non-gradable antonyms or complementaries (e.g. alive/dead; true/ false) in that, for the latter, negation of one does entail the other:
X is not true entails X is false
X is not dead entails X is alive
Another kind of antonymy involves what are known as relational opposites. If I give you something, then you receive it; if John is Paul’s teacher then Paul is John’s pupil, and so on. Finally, there is the antonymy of reversives, in which one form means not the negative of the other, but its reverse: examples here include enter/exit (or entrance/exit), remember/forget, tie/ untie and so on.
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