Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Passive and Active
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Assessment
Primary-B types
المؤلف:
R.M.W. Dixon
المصدر:
A Semantic approach to English grammar
الجزء والصفحة:
350-10
2023-04-15
1052
Primary-B types
. ATTENTION type. Many have Agent-nom’s, including observer, demonstrator, discoverer, witness, student, investigator, watcher, listener. There are a fair number of Activity-nom’s, such as observation, perception, notice. The few Unit-nom’s include demonstration and appearance, while discovery doubles as Object-nom and Unit-nom.
. THINKING type. There are just a few Agent-nom’s (thinker, brooder, dreamer) but many Activity-Nom’s (consideration, imagination, reflection, realization) and also a scattering of Object-nom’s, such as suspect, knowledge, assumption, supposition. Some nominalizations can function as Object-nom and Unit-nom (thought, dream), while others can be Result-nom and Unit-nom (solution, belief).
. DECIDING type. All can, potentially, form Agent-nom’s although only some are in common use, including planner, selector. (Decider generally has a quite different sense, referring to the final match in a sporting context where each side has won an equal number of the lead-up games.) There are a number of Unit-nom’s—decision, selection, election, appointment.
. SPEAKING type. Agent-nom’s are largely concentrated in subtypes SPEAKING-a/b/c (speaker, communicator, discussant, narrator) although we also find claimant, braggart, informer (and informant), lecturer, and nominator, among others. There are many Unit-nom’s, including speech, argument, quarrel, chat, joke, talk, narration, utterance, and some which can also double as Object-nom—assertion, suggestion, offer. Some SPEAKING verbs have a Result-nom, as in His joke was published, Her offer was refused. For some, a Result-nom can also function as Unit-nom—declaration, proclamation. And some form an Activity-nom; one can talk of fierce quarrelling, extravagant boasting, loud applauding.
. LIKING and ANNOYING types. All verbs from these types form a State-nom— liking, preference, amusement, distraction, and so on. There are also ‘unit’ type State-nom’s—hate, love, like. Agent-nom’s only exist when some physical action is involved—worshipper, entertainer. And there is the Object-nom favorite.
. ACTING type. We find some Agent-nom’s (actor, imitator), many Unit-nom’s (action, behavior) and some which can be Result-nom and Unit-nom (imitation).
. HAPPENING type. There are Agent-nom’s for some of the transitive members— organizer, arranger—and for some intransitive verbs even though there is no volition involved—undergoer and experiencer. A number of the verbs form Unit-nom’s, including happening, while arrangement and change function as both Unit-nom and Result-nom.
. COMPARING and RELATING types. Some of these verbs form Property-nom’s, resemblance, inclusion, dependence, and so on. There are just a few Agent-nom’s, often for specialized occupations, such as weigher and timer.
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