Energy Produced by The TCA  Cycle

Four pairs of electrons are transferred during one turn of the TCA cycle: three pairs reducing three NAD+ to NADH and one pair reducing FAD to FADH2.

Oxidation of one NADH by the ETC leads to formation of three ATP, whereas oxidation of FADH2 produces two ATP . The total yield of ATP from the oxidation of one acetyl CoA is shown in Figure 1. Figure 2summarizes the reactions of the TCA cycle. [Note: The cycle does not involve the net consumption or production of intermediates. Two carbons entering as acetyl CoA are balanced by two CO2 exiting.]

Figure 1: Number of ATP molecules produced from the oxidation of one molecule of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) using both substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD(H) and FAD(H2) = nicotinamide and flavin adenine dinucleotides; GDP and GTP = guanosine di- and triphosphates; Pi = inorganic phosphate.

Figure 2: A. Production of reduced coenzymes, ATP, and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. [Note: Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and ATP are interconverted by nucleoside diphosphate kinase.] B. Inhibitors and activators of the cycle.

مواضيع ذات صلة

آلية عمل المجموعة الأولى من الهرمونات

الهرمونات وآليات الاستتباب

تدرك (تقويض) الهرمونات وتعطيلها

نقل الهرمونات في البلازما

تغاير خزن الهرمونات وإفرازها

تخليق POMC ومعالجته

The Amino Acids

Absorption & Transport of Transition Metals

Physiologic Roles of The Essential Transition Metals

تخليق الأنجيوتنسين

تخلیق PTH

تخليق الأنسولين