Helium

 

Helium is one of the so-called noble gases. Helium gas is an unreactive, colourless, and odourless monoatomic gas. Helium is available in pressurised tanks. Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. α-particles are doubly ionised helium atoms, He²⁺.

Helium is used in lighter than air balloons and while heavier than hydrogen, is far safer since helium does not burn. Speaking after breathing an atmosphere rich in helium results in a squeaky voice (don't try it!).

Helium is present in the atmosphere at about 0.0005% (1 part in 200000) by volume and is an important component within hydrocarbon gases in the USA. Its origin in these gases is traced to the decay of radioactive elements in rocks.

Helium was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and independently by N. A. Langley and P. T. Cleve in 1895 at London, England and Uppsala, Sweden. Origin of name: from the Greek word "helios" meaning "sun".

 

A French astronomer, Pierre-Jules-César Janssen (1824-1907), first obtained evidence for the existence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868 in India when he detected a new yellow line (587.49 nm) in the solar spectrum very close to the yellow sodium D-line. It was not possible to produce this line in the laboratory. Sir Norman Lockyer (1836-1920), an English astronomer, recognised that no known element at that time gave this line and named the element helium for the sun. For many years helium was regarded as an element that might exist on the sun although it was unknown on the Earth. Spectroscopists at the time doubted the results concerning helium. However the claims initiated a search for the new element on planet earth. In 1895, Sir William Ramsay discovered helium after treating cleveite, a uranium mineral, with mineral acids. Ramsey sent samples of the gas to Sir William Crookes and Sir Norman Lockyer who identified helium. It was discovered independently in clevite by Cleve and Langley at about the same time. Lockyer and Professor Edward Frankland suggested the name helium . 

Helium is present in the atmosphere at about 0.0005% (1 part in 200000) by volume and is an important component within hydrocarbon gases in the USA. Its origin in these gases is traced to the decay of radioactive elements in rocks. Some minerals contain occluded helium and this can be liberated by heating. Some rocks consist of minerals which contain uranium and potassium. These decay to helium and argon and analysis of these gases can be used to determine the age of the rock. The bulk of the western world's supply is obtained from wells in the USA.

Isolation

Isolation: there is very little helium on earth as nearly all present during and immediately after the earth's formation has long since been lost as it is so light. Just about all the helium remaining on the planet is the result of radioactive decay. While there is some helium in the atmosphere, currently its isolation from that source by liquefaction and separation of air is not normally economic. This is bacause it is easier, and cheaper, to isolate the gas from certain natural gases. Concentrations of helium in natural gas in the USA are as high as 7% and other good sources include natural gas from some sources in Poland. It is isolable from these gases by liquefaction and separation of from the natural gas. This would not normally be carried out in the laboratory and helium is available commercially in cylinders under pressure.

Helium isotopes

Helium has two isotopes but it consists almost entirely of He-4 with natural He only containing just over 0.0001% of He-3. Thousands of liters of He-3 are used annually in cryogenic applications and He-3 is also used as a neutron counter in nuclear application. He-3 is also applied in magnetic resonance imaging.

Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe. It is very common in the hotter stars. It is an important component in the proton-proton reaction and the carbon cycle in stars.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

عباس.. طفل فقد والده فوجد في خدمة زائري عاشوراء وطنًا آمنًا

شعبة الخطابة النسوية تواصل إقامة مجالس العزاء في شهر المحرم الحرام

لليوم الخامس.. العتبة العباسية المقدسة تقيم مجلس عزاء في صحن مرقد أبي الفضل العباس (عليه السلام)

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يقيم مجلس عزاء حسيني في العاصمة التنزانية دار السلام

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

لمن تجاوز الستين.. عليك بشرب 4 أكواب من القهوة يوميا ؟

الحليب مع العسل.. مزيج يمنحك 7 فوائد صحية

لا تبالغ في التنظيف.. قليل من "الاتساخ" قد يحمي عائلتك

دراسة تكشف علاقة خطيرة بين عمر الأم وصحة مولودها

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

هل هاتفك مراقب؟.. 5 علامات خطيرة تكشف التجسس عليك

دبي تطلق أول رحلة تجريبية للتاكسي الجوي

كيف تساعد الصيانة الوقائية في الحفاظ على كفاءة التكييف في سيارتك ؟

في ظاهرة غريبة حيرت العلماء.. كوكبنا قد يسجل أقصر يوم في التاريخ هذا الصيف!

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

تطبيق ثلاثيات العدد الذري على المجموعة ٣

تطبيق نفس المعيار على عناصر أخرى يصعب تسكينها في أماكن مناسبة

معيار جديد: الحفاظ على الثلاثيات أو ابتكار ثلاثيات جديدة

بعض الحالات الخاصة

أنماط الجدول الدوري

كيميائية العناصر التخليقية

العناصر من ١١٣ إلى ١١٨

العنصر ١٠٧ وما بعده

العناصر من ١٠١ إلى ١٠٦

عناصر ما بعد اليورانيوم الحقيقية

العناصر الناقصة

الخيمياء الحديثة: من عناصر ناقصة إلى عناصر تخليقية