Steric hindrance makes radicals less reactive

we showed you some radicals that are remarkably stable (persistent): some can even be isolated and purified. You should now be able to see at least part of the reason for their exceptional stability: two of them have adjacent powerful electron-donating groups, one has a powerful electron-withdrawing group as well, and three of the four are conjugated.

But electronic factors alone are not sufficient to explain the exceptional stability of all four radicals, since the two radicals on the right receive just about the same electronic stabilization as the first two above, but are much more reactive. In fact, the stability of the triphenylmethyl radical we know to be due mainly to steric, rather than electronic, factors. X-ray crystallography shows that the three phenyl rings in this compound are not coplanar but are twisted out of a plane by about 30°, like a propeller. This means that the delocalization in this radical is less than ideal (we know that there is some delocalization from the ESR spectrum) and, in fact, it is little more delocalized than the diphenylmethyl or even the benzyl radical, even though it is much more stable than either. This must be because the central carbon, which bears most of the radical character, is sterically shielded by the twisted phenyl groups, making it very hard for the molecule to react.

The rest of this chapter is devoted to the reactions of radicals, and you will see that the two effects we have talked about—electronic stabilization and steric hindrance—are key factors that control these reactions.

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متحف الكفيل: إنجاز المرحلة الرابعة من مشروع متحف العتبة العسكرية المقدسة

تضمن عرضًا مسرحيًّا.. شعبةُ الخطابة النسويّة تقيم مجلس عزاء بذكرى شهادة الإمام الحسن (عليه السّلام)

الأمين العام للعتبة العبّاسية المقدّسة يتفقد مجموعة مواكب أمّ البنين (عليها السلام) لخدمة الزائرين

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الآخبار الصحية

تسارع الشيخوخة.. متى يبدأ وأي الأعضاء أكثر تأثرا؟

9 مسببات شائعة للالتهاب المزمن قد تهدد صحتك

باحثون يطورون علاجا لهشاشة العظام.. النتائج مذهلة

تحمي من أمراض عديدة.. 6 فوائد لتناول البطاطا الحلوة

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

عودة التعاون الفضائي بين روسيا وأميركا.. وبحث ملفات "هامة"

المعلمون في خطر.. خاصية جديدة في "تشات جي بي تي" تشرح الدروس

بشرى لمرضى الشلل.. شريحة في الدماغ قد تتيح التحكم بالأدوات

مدينة غارقة.. هل يخفي قاع البحر الكاريبي سرّ حضارة مفقودة؟

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

The Hammett relationship

Systematic structural variation

Crossover experiments

Labelling experiments reveal the fate of individual atoms

Be sure of the structure of the product

Variation in the structure of the aldehyde

formation of an ester intermediate

formation of an intermediate dimeric adduct

Be sure of the structure of the product

Variation in the structure of the aldehyde

Proposed mechanism C: formation of an ester intermediate

Proposed mechanism B: formation of an intermediate dimeric adduct