Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
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Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
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Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
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Adverbs
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Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
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Numeral adjective
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Distributive adjective
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Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
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Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
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Linguistics fields
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pragmatics
History
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Grammar
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Creole continua
المؤلف:
P. John McWhorter
المصدر:
The Story of Human Language
الجزء والصفحة:
27-31
2024-01-23
417
Creole continua
A. Many creoles actually consist of a series of dialects, with one furthest from the European language and others shading ever closer, such that the “creole” is actually a series of shells expanding outward from a nucleus, as in the classic model of atoms.
B. For example, it can appear that there are so many ways to say I gave him in Guyanese creole that there appears to be no structure in the language. But actually, the versions can be aligned to show an increasing likeness to English:
Guyanese Creole: I gave him
mi bin gii am
mi bin gii ii
mi bin gi i
mi di gii ii
mi di gi hii
a di gii ii
a did gi ii
a did giv ii
a did giv hii
a giv ii
a giv im
a giv him
a geev ii
a geev him
I gave him
The most “creole” sentence has mi for I and uses the bin particle for past instead of the -ed suffix. As we get closer to Standard English, did is used instead of bin, which reflects a common way of expressing the past in regional British dialects of the past, and a for I differs from the standard only in pronunciation. Finally, we get to a sentence that is the standard one in a different accent.
C. This kind of continuum is especially common in English creoles of the Caribbean, such as Jamaican patois, and is also true of Louisiana Creole and Cape Verdean. This often encourages speakers to view the creole as just a version of the European language (and, sadly, a “bad” one).
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