

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Understanding meaning
المؤلف:
Jonathan Culpeper and Michael Haugh
المصدر:
Pragmatics and the English Language
الجزء والصفحة:
133-5
13-5-2022
853
Understanding meaning
Pragmatic meanings can arise through what people say, but ultimately always go beyond what is said. The question, then, is: how do users understand such meanings? Approaches to this issue have often been framed in terms of the processing of meaning. This generally refers to the cognitive operations that underpin or give rise to pragmatic meaning representations. The focus in pragmatics has traditionally been on how we understand or process meanings that arise from utterances. This reflects the folk view in English that an understanding is something we reach or come to. There is, however, an interesting distinction that can be made (in German) between “understanding” (Verstehen) and “coming to an understanding” (Verständigung) (Weigand 2009: 30). The former refers to a punctuated perspective on understanding as something which a participant reaches, subsequent to hearing an utterance. It generally comes under the rubric of utterance processing. The latter refers to a more dynamic perspective on understanding as something that emerges through the intertwining of actions and reactions in discourse. It is generally assumed in this approach that a two-party interaction is the most basic unit of analysis. This perspective generally falls within the scope of discourse processing. We assume that treating understanding as a particular point we reach in time (Verstehen), or as spread across a span of time – and thus across participants – (Verständigung) both represent valid, albeit quite different, viewpoints on pragmatic meaning. In order to better appreciate how pragmatic meanings are understood by users, we thus approach this question from the perspectives of both utterance and discourse processing.
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