x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Causative and applicative
المؤلف:
Rochelle Lieber
المصدر:
Introducing Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
147-8
24-1-2022
640
Passive and anti-passive morphology signal a reduction in the number of arguments that a verb has. There are other sorts of morphology that signal that arguments have been added to a verb.
Causatives signal the addition of a new subject argument, which semantically is the causer of the action. If the verb has only one argument to begin with, the causative sentence has two, and if it has two to begin with, the causative sentence has three arguments. Compare the Swahili sentences in (8) and (9):
In (8a), the verb ‘boil’ has only one argument, its patient/theme. In (8b), along with the causative morpheme -(i)sh , an external causer argument is added as the subject of the sentence. Similarly, in (9a), the verb ‘cook’ has two arguments, an agent (Halima) and a patient (‘food’); the agent is the subject of the sentence. When the causative suffix -(i)sh is added, a third argument (Juma) is added and it becomes the subject.
Applicative morphology, like causative morphology, signals the addition of an argument to the valency of a verb. But the added argument is an object, rather than a subject. We can again use Swahili for our example:
The suffix -i signals that a second object (Juma) has been added to the verb.
الطاهرة ركن الإسلام الثالث
عناوين أم عنوانات؟
أبنائي الطلبة
EN