

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Word structure
المؤلف:
Rochelle Lieber
المصدر:
Introducing Morphology
الجزء والصفحة:
37-3
14-1-2022
1745
Word structure
When you divide up a complex word into its morphemes, it’s easy to get the impression that words are put together like the beads that make up a necklace – one after the other in a line:
(11)unhappiness =un +happy+ ness
But morphologists believe that words are more like onions than like necklaces: onions are made up of layers from innermost to outermost. Consider a word like unhappiness. We can break this down into its component morphemes un +happy +ness, but given what we learned above about the properties of the prefix un- and the suffix -ness we know something more about the way in which this word is constructed beyond just its constituent parts. We know that un- must first go on the base happy. Happy is an adjective, and un- attaches to adjectives but does not change their category. The suffix -ness attaches only to adjectives and makes them into nouns. So if un- attaches first to happy and -ness attaches next, the requirements of both affixes are met. But if we were to do it the other way around, -ness would have first created a noun, and then un- would be unable to attach. We could represent the order of attachment as if words really were onions, with the base in the innermost layer, and each affix in its own succeeding layer: see figure 3.2.

But linguists, not generally being particularly artistic, prefer to show these relationships as ‘trees’ that look like this:

Similarly, we might represent the structure of a word like repurify as in :

In order to draw this structure, we must first know that the prefix reattaches to verbs (for example, reheat, rewash, or redo) but not to adjectives (*repure, *rehappy) or to nouns (*rechair, *retruth). Once we know this, we can say that the adjective pure must first be made into a verb by suffixing -ify, and only then can re- attach to it.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)