SUMMARIZING AND NOTE TAKING Generalizations from Classroom Instruction That Works
المؤلف:
Jane D. Hill Kathleen M. Flynn
المصدر:
Classroom Instruction that works with English Language Learners
الجزء والصفحة:
P63-C7
2025-09-09
262
SUMMARIZING AND NOTE TAKING
Generalizations from Classroom Instruction That Works
Three generalizations can be gleaned from the research on summarizing in Classroom Instruction That Works.
1. To effectively summarize, students must keep, delete, and substitute information. To enable this process, students should be taught steps or an explicit set of rules that help them develop a summary. While teaching this process, you will need to accompany the steps with nonlinguistic representations, so that each step will hold meaning for Preproduction and Early Production students. Other students will benefit from the nonlinguistic representations as well.
2. To effectively keep, delete, and substitute information, students must analyze the information at a fairly deep level. You will have already adapted the keep-delete-substitute strategy for Preproduction and Early Production students when you substitute common, frequently used vocabulary terms for unknown vocabulary terms. To help Speech Emergence and Intermediate and Advanced Fluency students analyze information at a deeper level, point out what is important and what is not.
3. Being aware of the explicit structure of information is an aid when summarizing. Text is usually presented according to certain structures or patterns. Being able to understand and then locate these structures and patterns will greatly aid the summarization process.
Teaching text structure requires a fairly sophisticated lesson. You will need to expose Preproduction and Early Production students to explicit structures. In order to make text structures more understandable, you can offer visual examples of text patterns (graphic organizers) and use eye contact, body movements, pantomime, facial expressions, gestures, clear expression, and clear articulation when explaining. Speech Emergence and Intermediate and Advanced Fluency students will be able to use the text patterns to summarize.
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