NON-LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATIONS
المؤلف:
Jane D. Hill Kathleen M. Flynn
المصدر:
Classroom Instruction that works with English Language Learners
الجزء والصفحة:
P36-C4
2025-09-05
373
NON-LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATIONS
Knowledge is stored in two ways: linguistically and non-linguistically. Teachers mainly present new knowledge linguistically in the class room, as they often ask students to listen to or read new information. Think of knowledge presented linguistically as actual sentences stored in long-term memory. Knowledge that is presented non-linguistically is stored in the form of mental pictures or physical sensations such as sight, sound, smell, touch, taste, and movement. Using both linguistic and non-linguistic methods of learning helps students recall and think about information. Because ELL scan not rely solely on linguistic ability to learn and retain knowledge in a new language, non-linguistic methods of learning are particularly important for them.
Using modes other than the English language to communicate has long been a mainstay in the tool kit of ESL teachers. To make English instruction as understandable as possible for ELLs, Short (1991) recommends using diverse media, including realia (real objects), graphs, photos, maps, and demonstrations. Short makes these suggestions for mainstream teachers (1991, p. 8):
•Bring realia into the lessons. Nonverbal information can be communicated by using real objects and visuals such as photographs, graphs, and charts.
• Conduct demonstrations. Match actions with your words to convey meaning. Give directions by pointing, gesturing, showing, and explaining.
• Use filmstrips, films, videotapes, and audiocassettes with books. Words alone on a page will not hold meaning for students in the early stages of language acquisition. Students can connect with content better when they see and hear it.
• Have the students do hands-on activities. Conducting science experiments, performing pantomime, drawing pictures, and sequencing stories are all useful hands-on activities.
Meaning cannot be conveyed to ELLs through words alone. Their instruction must be supplemented with real objects, visuals, body language, facial expressions, gestures, and hands-on experiences.
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