Norfolk Island-Pitcairn English: phonetics and phonology

What is Norfuk?

The label ‘Variety of English’, when applied to the ways of speaking of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian spouses, is somewhat problematic, and the relationship of these to other varieties featuring in this volume is complex. Earlier judgments on the linguistic nature of the language (surveyed by Mühlhäusler 1998) vary considerably and include characterizations such as dialect of English, dialect of Beach-la-Mar, mixed language, patois, cant, pidgin and creole. A similar range of labels is encountered among present-day speakers, and there is no agreement among them whether the variety spoken on Pitcairn Island and Norfolk Island are varieties of English, one separate language, or two separate languages. It appears that the wish to distinguish Pitkern from Norfuk as two separate named languages is growing and we have conformed to this wish. We have also opted to concentrate on the varieties spoken on Norfolk Island, as this is where the vast majority of present-day speakers reside (about 900 as against 50 on Pitcairn) and Norfolk is where Mühlhäusler has conducted fieldwork over several years. Sociopolitical problems make fieldwork on Pitcairn impractical at the moment.

 

The difficulties experienced in obtaining an adequate characterization of Norfuk result from a number of factors.

(a) very patchy documentation

 

(b) Norfuk is not a focused language, where all community members agree on norms and standards, and what is called Norfuk ranges from forms that are mutually unintelligible with English, to others that differ only by a few stereotypical expressions.

 

(c) Both Pitkern and Norfuk have always been spoken side by side acrolectal varieties of English (British and Australian on Norfolk, British and American on Pitcairn). On Norfolk, standard British English until recently served as the role-model for educated islanders, and “murdering the King” was the local expression for speaking Norfuk. It is noted that some families spoke English only, whereas in other families, Norfuk was the preferred language.

 

(d) Code mixing is pervasive; there are virtually no examples, even from older conservative speakers, which do not involve code-switching.

 

(e) Norfuk has been an esoteric language, not readily accessible to outsiders. It has also been a stigmatized language with a long history of persecution by the education system.

 

At present, the Norfolk Islanders are in the process of deciding on questions such as language name, lexical and grammatical norms, writing system and social role. To turn a large number of individual ways of speaking into a language in the sense of a modern standard language is a difficult technical and political process which leaves much room for conflict. It would seem very unwise for an outsider to tell people what their language is, or what it should be. We have refrained from privileging any of the suggested orthographies, word-choices, word-meanings or grammatical structures. Normalizing the data at this point in the history of the language could do a great deal of damage and the reader is asked to forgive instances of inconsistency and vagueness on certain points.

الاكثر قراءة في Phonology

Minimal pairs and sets

Aspiration

Assimilations

Phones and allophones

Feature geometry

The Sonority Sequencing Generalization

Finding the underlying form

Bukusu: nasal+consonant combinations

The Northern Cities Shift

Major class features

Standard lexical sets

Allophony in other languages

Place of articulation

Natural classes

Dissimilation

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

المجمع العلمي للقرآن الكريم يصدر الكتاب الثاني من سلسلة يخشى

قسم الشعائر يكرّم أصحاب المواكب المشاركة في إحياء ذكرى شهادة السيدة الزهراء (عليها السلام)

جامعة العميد تستقبل طلبة المراحل الأولى المقبولين ضمن كلياتها للعام الدراسي الجديد

سماحة السيد الصافي يكرّم طلبة حفظ القرآن الكريم المتفوّقين ويؤكّد دور التدبّر في الهداية والتكامل

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

طبيب يكشف تأثير برودة الشتاء على النوم

دون أن تعلم.. 10 عادات يومية تسرع شيخوخة جسمك

تقرير: النيكوتين خطر على القلب مهما كانت الطريقة

أيهما أفضل لصحتك.. زبدة الفول السوداني أم النوتيلا؟

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

السعودية تدشن أكبر نظام لتخزين الكهرباء بالبطاريات في العالم !

بأمر تنفيذي.. ترامب يؤكد هدف عودة الأميركيين إلى القمر في عام 2028

بعيدا عن البشر.. "قتال جوي في الفضاء" بين أميركا والصين

كشف مذهل في قاع "برمودا" !

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast