

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Consonants
المؤلف:
Ian G. Malcolm
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
660-37
2024-04-24
1185
Consonants
Australian creoles do not always recognize the voiced-voiceless consonant distinction, nor do they reliably discriminate most fricatives. Kriol varieties may incorporate a number of retroflexed and lamino-palatal consonants not found in StE. The consonants of basilectal Fitzroy Valley Kriol have been represented (using Kriol orthography) by Hudson (1981: 28) in the following table:

Torres Strait Creole (Broken) has 15 consonant phonemes, represented in Broken orthography by Shnukal as follows:

It is common for stops to substitute for fricatives and affricates. Fraser (1977) reports that in Fitzroy Crossing Children’s Pidgin the bilabial stop /p/ substitutes for /b/, /v/ and /f/ and that a dental /t/ substitutes for /ʧ/ , /ʤ/ and non-final /s/, /z/ and /Ʒ/. Similar substitutions occur in Ngukurr-Bamyili Kriol (Sandefur 1979: 37).
Although voiced and unvoiced stops both occur in Torres Strait Creole, their distribution may not be the same as in StE. Crowley and Rigsby (1979) note the replacement of a voiceless stop with a voiced one when it occurs between two vowels, as in /peba/ for ‘paper’. There is no phonemic opposition in Torres Strait Creole between [p] and [f], between [t] and [θ], between [d] and [ð] or between [b] and [v].
In Fitzroy Crossing Kriol, /d/ may alternate with /t/. Also, Sandefur (1979: 37) observes that in Kriol, /d/ may be replaced by a flapped rhotic [ř] when it occurs in a word between two vowels.
It will be observed from Table 2 that the sound represented in Kriol orthography as <th> is not the interdental fricative of StE but an interdental stop. Similarly, the retroflexed <rt> and the lamino-palatal <tj> function as stops (Hudson 1981: 28).
All the nasal consonants of StE, /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ also occur in Australian creoles. There are, however, in basilectal Kriol additional retroflexed and palatalized nasals.
Fricatives are generally absent from basilectal Kriol though in basilectal Fitzroy valley Kriol, there is one fricative, /s/. Fricatives are reduced in occurrence in Torres Strait Creole. There is no phonemic opposition in Torres Strait Creole between [s] and [ʃ] (Crowley and Rigsby 1979; Dutton 1970). In Kriol, sibilants tend to be deleted to avoid consonant clusters (Sharpe and Sandefur 1976); in Bamyili (Barunga) the affricates /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ are replaced by a lamino-palatal stop /dj/ (Sandefur 1979: 37). The glottal fricative /h/ is generally absent from the creoles.
The lateral /l/ is common to English and most Aboriginal languages and is retained in the creoles. Basilectal Kriol also has retroflexed and palatalized laterals.
The rhotic /r/ is trilled in basilectal Kriol and Torres Strait Creole. It may also be flapped when it occurs between two vowels (Sandefur 1979: 37).
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