

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Rural versus urban
المؤلف:
David Bradley
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
653-36
2024-04-24
1353
Rural versus urban
One popular stereotype about regional differences is that rural speech is more broad and urban speech is more cultivated; or that the entire rural hinterland speaks much the same – more slowly, more nasally, and more broadly. This is a part of the national reverence for the bush (rural Australia) and the idea that it is more typically Australian. It is clear that a higher proportion of rural Australians use a greater frequency of broad vowels than urban Australians. The first to quantify this were Mitchell and Delbridge (1965: 39), who found that 43 per cent of adolescents outside capital cities used broad vowels, while only 23 per cent of urban youth did so; and conversely, 19 per cent of urban adolescents but only four per cent of others used cultivated (high-status sociolect) vowels.
However, the rural hinterland of each capital city shows much the same regional (as opposed to social) characteristics as that city. Examples include the treatment of postvocalic laterals in Millicent and Mount Gambier in South Australia, the distribution of TRAP and PALM, and so on. The regional phonological boundaries do not correspond exactly to state boundaries; from a linguistic point of view, part of northern New South Wales is a part of Queensland, part of southwestern New South Wales around Broken Hill is similar in some ways to South Australia, and the Riverina region of southern New South Wales forms part of Victoria.
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