

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Virgin Islands
المؤلف:
Michael Aceto
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
491-28
2024-04-10
1377
Virgin Islands
The US Virgin Islands are comprised of St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John; The British Virgin Islands are Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and Jost Van Dyke. The following sociohistorical information is from Holm (1989: 455). The Dutch occupied Tortola in 1648; the British claimed it in 1672. English varieties have been spoken on the British Vrigin Islands beginning with this contact. In 1672, the Danes occupied St. Thomas but allowed Dutch and British colonists to settle there as well. The Dutch comprised nearly half of the European-derived population of St. Thomas, and among the majority African and African-descended population, a Dutch-derived creole began to emerge as did an English-derived creole as well. St. John was settled from St. Thomas; St. Croix was purchased by the Danes from the French in 1733. Danish seems to have been reserved for administration and within Danish social groups; English varieties, both creolized and otherwise, began displacing the Dutch-derived creole as more English-speaking settlers arrived. After abolition in 1848, as ex-slaves moved from plantations (which were centers for Dutch Creole speakers) to the towns, the influence of English language varities became even stronger on these islands. Danish schools adopted English as the language of instruction in the 19th century. In 1917, the USA purchased St. Croix from Denmark. Dutch Creole is believed to be extinct on these islands.
St. Thomas and St. John lack the off-glide found in tense vowels of metropolitan varieties, e.g. /e:/ and /o:/ as in /fe:s/ face and /bo:t / boat respectively (Holm 1989: 456). These two islands of the American Virgin Islands chain also display the alternation and merger of /w/ and /v/. St. Croix (the remaining island of the American Virgin Islands) and the chain in the British Virgin Islands (i.e. Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada) may also contain this feature, but there has been little linguistic research in general on these islands. St. Thomas and St. John also reveal the use of /ε:/ in words like fierce and bare. Holm (1989: 456) believes this last feature may represent a local innovation.
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