

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Underspecified vowels
المؤلف:
Hubert Devonish and Otelemate G. Harry
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
461-27
2024-04-05
1158
Underspecified vowels
There are no underspecified vowels in the JamE of the type already noted for JamC. The result is that JamC words with such vowels have JamE cognates in which they are absent. This is demonstrated by the following examples.

Assuming as we do a derivation based on the JamC lexical form, there would also be the cases like JamC /tap/ ‘stop’, /tik/ ‘stick’, which would first have an initial /sV/ syllable produced as part of the process of conversion to English. Only then could the deletion of the underspecified V take place.
Our suggestion that at least some speakers do function from a JamC lexical input, applying conversion rules to these inputs, is supported by the example below involving two phonologically variant JamE forms for the word ‘cement’ and ‘suppose’. The vowels /i/ and /u/ in the JamC items /siment/ and /supuoz/ have a distribution which is typical of the JamC underspecified V. There is evidence that at least some speakers apply, in the case of these items, the regular deletion of underspecified Vs to the first vowel in the JamC item. This can be seen in the second variant of each of these words presented below.

Some speakers are aware of English norms in relation to the words ‘cement’ and ‘suppose’, in particular how the words are spelt in that language. This awareness is likely to cause them to treat the vowel of the first syllable in the presumed JamC inputs, /sVment/ and /sVpuaz/, as lexical exceptions. The JamC underspecified vowel, phonetically [i] or [u], should not be deleted to produce /sC/ consonant clusters in JamE. For speakers who do not have this as a lexically marked exception to their JamC to JamE conversion rule, the less socially acceptable JamE options, /sment/ and /spooz/, are produced. Speakers who do not apply the underspecified V deletion rule in these cases are likely in their JamC lexicon to have fully specified vowels for these items. This possibility is suggested by the question-marked JamC representations in the examples above.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
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الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)