

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Syllable-onset h deletion
المؤلف:
Becky Childs and Walt Wolfram
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
443-26
2024-04-04
1293
Syllable-onset h deletion
The deletion of syllable-initial h in harm as ‘arm or hope as ‘ope is also a prominent feature of Bahamian speech showing regional, social, and ethnic variation in Bahamian English. Most studies (Wells 1982; Holm 1980; Childs, Reaser and Wolfram 2003) agree that it tends to be more prominent in the speech of Anglo-Bahamians than it is in Afro-Bahamian speech, and that it correlates with social status differences and regional location as well. However, the social and ethnic differences tend to be a matter of relative frequency rather than the categorical presence or absence of so-called h-dropping. Childs, Reaser and Wolfram’s (2003) study of syllable onset h deletion on Abaco Island indicates that although both black and white Bahamian communities exhibit h deletion, members of the enclave Anglo-Bahamian communities drop h more frequently than their Afro-Bahamian cohorts, regardless of age. There are also linguistically based effects on the relative frequency of h deletion based on phonetic context: h deletion is most favored at the beginning of an utterance. It is also more favored when it follows a consonant rather than a vowel; that is, speakers are more likely to say bees’ ‘ive for bees’ hive than bee ‘ive for bee hive. The favoring effect in terms of the canonical shape of sequences is natural in terms of a universal preference for the preservation of CV sequences as opposed to VV sequences.
As with w/v alternation, British Cockney has sometimes been cited as a source of h deletion in Anglo-Bahamian English, although it is a relatively widespread and phonetically natural process that is found in many varieties of English (Trudgill 1999). The initial impetus for h dropping may have come from a British English founder effect but its maintenance certainly is reinforced by its apparent naturalness as a phonetic process.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)