

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

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Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

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Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

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Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

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Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

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Assessment
lateral (adj./n.)
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
270-12
2023-10-02
1493
lateral (adj./n.)
A term used in the PHONETIC classification of CONSONANT sounds on the basis of their MANNER OF ARTICULATION: it refers to any sound where the air escapes around one or both sides of a CLOSURE made in the mouth, as in the various types of l sound. Air released around only one side of the TONGUE produces unilateral sounds; around both sides bilateral sounds. Lateral sounds may be VOICED, as in lady, pool, or VOICELESS, as in play, where the [l] has been devoiced due to the influence of the preceding voiceless consonant:
. An independent voiceless l sound occurs with Welsh ll, as in Llandudno, but here there is much accompanying friction, and the sound is best described as a ‘lateral FRICATIVE’
. /t/ and /d/ followed by /l/ in English are often released laterally, the phenomenon of ‘lateral PLOSION’: the air escapes round the sides of the tongue, the closure between tongue and ALVEOLAR ridge remaining, as in bottle, cuddle. It is possible to say the final SYLLABLE of such words without moving the front of the tongue from its contact at all.
In some DISTINCTIVE FEATURE approaches to PHONOLOGY, the term ‘lateral’ is specifically opposed to non-lateral (i.e. sounds which do not have a lateral release, as described above), these being postulated as two of the contrasts needed in order to specify fully the sound system of a language. In Chomsky and Halle’s theory, for example, ‘lateral’ is classified as a CAVITY feature, along with NASAL, under the specific heading of SECONDARY APERTURES.
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