

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Katz–Postal hypothesis
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
260-11
2023-09-28
1485
Katz–Postal hypothesis
A proposed property of TRANSFORMATIONS claimed by the American LINGUISTS Jerrold Katz (1932–2002) and Paul Postal (b. 1936) in 1964 in their book An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions, which had considerable influence on subsequent discussions of the relationship between SYNTACTIC and SEMANTIC analysis. Essentially, the hypothesis argued that all transformations should not change MEANING (they should be MEANING PRESERVING). In relation to the MODEL of GRAMMAR expounded by Noam Chomsky in Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965), it came to be argued that whenever two SENTENCES differ in meaning they will differ in DEEP STRUCTURE; and that accordingly, from a consideration of deep structure, the grammatical meaning of a sentence can be deduced, which can then provide the input to the semantic COMPONENT. The removal of meaning-changing transformations, on this view, would thus simplify the functioning of the semantic RULES. There are, of course, several areas of syntax which provide apparent COUNTER EXAMPLES to this hypothesis (such as TAG QUESTIONS, or the introduction of CONJUNCTIONS), and these provided the grounds of much subsequent discussion as to the validity of this and similarly motivated hypotheses. Considerable effort was made to apply the hypothesis to such cases, by reformulating the analyses (usually by adding extra ELEMENTS to the UNDERLYING structures involved).
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