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derivation (n.)
المؤلف:
David Crystal
المصدر:
A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
138-4
2023-08-09
1562
+
-
20
derivation (n.)
A term used in MORPHOLOGY to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of WORD-FORMATION (derivational morphology), the other being INFLECTION(AL); also sometimes called derivatology. These terms also apply to the two types of AFFIX involved in word-formation. Basically, the result of a derivational process is a new word (e.g. nation ⇒ national), whereas the result of an inflectional (or non-derivational) process is a different form of the same word (e.g. nations, nationals). The distinction is not totally clear-cut, however (e.g. how best to analyze -ly in English). Derivational affixes change the grammatical CLASS of MORPHEMES to which they are attached (as in SUFFIXATION, e.g. -tion is a noun-forming derivational suffix); they also usually occur closer to the ROOT morpheme than do inflections, e.g. nation-al-ize + -ing/-s/-d. Often they have independently stateable LEXICAL MEANINGS (e.g. mini-, sub-), though these are not always easy to identify (e.g. -er). The combination of root and derivational affixes is usually referred to as the STEM of the word, i.e. the ELEMENT to which inflections are attached; several modes of classification are available in the literature on this subject.
In GENERATIVE GRAMMAR, derivation refers to the set of formally identifiable stages used in generating a SENTENCE from an INITIAL SYMBOL to a TERMINAL STRING, i.e. the whole set of PHRASE-STRUCTURE, TRANSFORMATIONAL, etc., RULES which have applied. In a more restricted context, a derived structure refers to the form of an output PHRASE-MARKER, after a transformational rule has applied.
In HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS, derivation is used to refer to the origins or historical development of a LANGUAGE or linguistic form. Sounds, words and structures are said to be derived from corresponding FORMS in an earlier state of a language.
الاكثر قراءة في Morphology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية
مواضيع ذات صلة
قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)
