x
هدف البحث
بحث في العناوين
بحث في المحتوى
بحث في اسماء الكتب
بحث في اسماء المؤلفين
اختر القسم
موافق
Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
literature
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Dorsal
المؤلف: Richard Ogden
المصدر: An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة: 107-7
4-7-2022
512
The back of the tongue (dorsum) and the roof of the mouth both have large surface areas compared to e.g. the lips. In English, dorso-velar plosives can be made at a number of places along the roof of the mouth, and this is especially so for combinations of [k] + vowel.
If you say the words ‘key’, ‘cat’ and ‘court’ (or words with vowels close to CV1, CV4 and CV7 or CV8), and isolate the initial consonant articulation, you should be able to feel that the back of the tongue makes contact with the roof of the mouth in different places. For ‘key’, the articulation is quite far forward (advanced), which can be transcribed with the diacritic . For ‘court’, the articulation is much further back (retracted), and if you compare this [k] sound with that of ‘key’, you will hear that it has a lower-pitched ring to it. This is partly because the lips are rounded (the vocalic articulation includes a high tongue back and lip-rounding); but even if you unround your lips, the sound is still different. The diacritic for this is . The sound in ‘cat’ is ‘neutral’: neither particularly front nor back when compared to the others.
This variability arises because the plosive consonant is co-articulated with vocalic articulations which differ in tongue frontness and backness and in lip posture. Already in hearing the [k] sound in ‘key’, some secondary articulations associated with the vowel are audible. Because they anticipate the next sound, this is often called ‘anticipatory co-articulation’. At a narrower, more detailed phonetic level, then, we have as many ‘kinds of [k]’ as we have kinds of vocalic articulation.
We have talked about ‘vocalic articulation’ and not ‘vowel’. This is because velars do not depend on vowels for their place of articulation: they depend on the subsequent approximant or vowel, whichever is closer. In the word ‘screen’, there is a retracted , not the advanced of ‘keen’ or ‘ski’. In this case, [k] is co-articulated with [ɹ], which for many speakers of English has a secondary articulation of velarisation and/or lip-rounding. Likewise, in ‘queen’, the velar articulation is co-ordinated with the labiovelarity of [w] and not the frontness and spread lips of [i].
Note that this relationship between vocalic and dorsal articulations is not reciprocal: in sequences of vowel + [k g], the place of articulation of the dorsal is less adapted to the vocalic articulation than in [k g] + vowel: compare ‘keep’ and ‘peak’ and ‘caught’ and ‘talk’; you will probably find that when the velar comes after a vowel, its place of articulation is neither particularly front nor back as compared to when it precedes a vowel.