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Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


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Definition Of Nouns

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Origin preposition

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Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

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prepositions


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Express calling interjection

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wishes

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Since and for

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Adverbials

invitation

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Imaginary condition

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Assessment
Reduced vowels
المؤلف:
Richard Ogden
المصدر:
An Introduction to English Phonetics
الجزء والصفحة:
74-5
23-6-2022
1185
Reduced vowels
In unstressed syllables, English permits a narrower range of vowels than in stressed syllables; and there are a number of vowels which are particular to unstressed syllables, often known as reduced vowels. The main ones are the unstressed vowels of HAPPY, COMMA and WANTED.
The HAPPY vowel is usually a close front vowel such as [i] or [I]. In some varieties it may be much more open, as in north west England or some parts of the Southern USA, where it can be close to [e] or [ε].
The comma vowel is canonically a mid central vowel in the region of [ə] (though see notes on individual varieties above), but it is particularly susceptible to its surrounding context. For example, in the phrases ‘to the
park’ vs ‘to the
hill’, there are backer vs. fronter qualities respectively, reflecting the vowels of the words ‘park’ and ‘hill’. This is a form of ‘vowel harmony’, where the vowels in a stretch of speech share some phonetic property (here, frontness or backness).
The vowel of WANTED varies along the front–back dimension, with some varieties having [I], others having backer vowels such as
, or indeed the same vowel as COMMA.
Many function words (prepositions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns and determiners) in English have ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ forms, where the ‘strong’ form contains a ‘full’ vowel and the ‘weak’ form (which is always unstressed) contains a ‘reduced’ vowel. Weak forms are generally pronounced without [h]. Compare the vowels in the underlined words in the following sentences (stress is marked
):

الاكثر قراءة في Phonetics
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)