

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Historical evidence and the treatment of absolute neutralization
المؤلف:
David Odden
المصدر:
Introducing Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
257-8
9-4-2022
1207
Historical evidence and the treatment of absolute neutralization
Kiparsky draws two main conclusions from this and similar cases. First, he points out that in lieu of alternations supporting abstractness, the surface and underlying forms should be assumed to be identical: alternations are central to supporting an abstract underlying form. Second, and more controversially, these examples are used in an argument against the psychological reality of absolute neutralization. The argument is as follows. Cases such as Yiddish show the psychological reality of contextual neutralization, since it can be reversed. However, there is no known case where absolute neutralization has been historically reversed: if absolute neutralization had the psychological reality of contextual neutralization, we would expect to find a reversal of absolute neutralization, and we have not. Therefore, putative cases of absolute neutralization lack psychological reality.
Kiparsky proposes that morphemes which seem to motivate abstract segments are simply lexical exceptions to the rule in question: they fail to undergo or trigger a rule. For the problematic roots of Hungarian where front vowels seem to trigger back harmony, such as he:ɟ-am ‘my rind,’ ɲi:l-am ‘my arrow,’ the proposal is that these roots are marked as exceptions to vowel harmony. On the assumption that harmonizing suffixes all contain underlying back vowels, the fact that back vowels appear in suffixes after these roots boils down to the fact that the suffixes have underlying back vowels, and since these roots do not trigger vowel harmony the underlying vowel quality is preserved on the surface.
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)