The different constructions are labelled, and the labelling reflects the connections among them. The constructions can be represented in the form of a hierarchy, as in Figure 3.1 in Appendix 3. A major split is between constructions, such as (11a–c) below, that have the verb  (traditionally called the copula or link verb) and constructions that have an ‘ordinary’ verb. Both copula and non-copula constructions can be declarative, that is, they can have the structure used for making statements, and interrogative, that is, they can have the structure used for asking questions.

Interrogative constructions split into two types. YES–NO interrogatives are used for asking questions such as Did he phone?, to which the  answer is yes or no. WH interrogatives are used for asking questions about participants in a situation: Who phoned?, When did he phone?, What did he say?, Where was he when he phoned?

Declarative constructions can be both active, as in (7a), and passive, as in (7c). Interrogative constructions can be active, as in (8a), or passive, as in (8c). In declarative constructions, the verb can be followed by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase, as in bought the piano for Jane in (7a), or by two noun phrases, as in bought Jane the piano in (7b). The former construction is here labelled OBLIQUE OBJECT and the latter is labelled DOUBLE OBJECT. Interrogative constructions can be OBLIQUE OBJECT, as in Did Frank buy the piano for Jane? in (8a), or DOUBLE OBJECT, as in Did Frank buy Jane the piano? in (8b). In turn, the DOUBLE OBJECT construction can be active or passive – Frank bought Jane the piano in (7b) and Jane was bought that piano by Frank; the OBLIQUE OBJECT construction too can be active or passive – Frank bought the piano for Jane (7a) and The piano was bought for Jane by Frank (7c).

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

تزامنًا مع حلول شهر ربيع الأول.. العتبة العباسية المقدسة ترفع مظاهر الحزن والسواد في المرقد الطاهر

بعد انتهاء شهري المحرم وصفر.. قسم الصيانة يباشر إدامة الثريات واستبدال مصابيح المرقد الطاهر

قسم الشؤون الخدمية يشرع بإدامة آليّات النظافة عقب انتهاء زيارة الأربعين

موكب عزاء الشعراء والرواديد ينظم مسيرة عزائية في ختام شهري الأحزان المحرم الحرام وصفر

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

العنب.. فاكهة صغيرة بمفعول "خارق" للقلب والدماغ

دراسة تحدد "الحلقة المفقودة".. تسبب ارتفاع ضغط الدم

هذه الأطعمة تحمي دماغك من الشيخوخة وتزيد حدة الذكاء

خبراء يحذرون من مخاطر "الدهون المخفية" على القلب

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

الأرصاد الجوية تلجأ إلى الذكاء الاصطناعي.. لأي غرض؟

في منزلك.. "تعديل بسيط" يخفض ضغط الدم بشكل طبيعي

"ميزة جديدة" من إنستغرام تنافس تيك توك.. طال انتظارها

غوغل في مأزق.. بيانات 2.5 مليار مستخدم بقبضة القراصنة

المزيد