The Polymerase Chain Reaction

There have been a number of key developments in molecular biology techniques. However, one that has had the most impact in recent years has been the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One of the reasons for the adoption of the PCR is the elegant simplicity of the reaction and relative ease of the practical manipulation steps. Frequently this is one of the first techniques to be used when analysing DNA and RNA and in its quantitation it has opened up the analysis of cellular and molecular processes to those outside the field of molecular biology.
The PCR is used to amplify a precise fragment of DNA from a complex mixture of starting material, usually termed the template DNA, and in many cases requires little DNA purification. It does require the knowledge of some DNA sequence information that flanks the fragment of DNA to be amplified (target DNA). From this information, two oligonucleotide primers may be chemically synthesised, each complementary to a stretch of DNA to the 3´ side of the target DNA, one oligonucleotide for each of the two DNA strands. The result is an amplification of a specific DNA fragment which obviates the need for more time-consuming cloning procedures.  Further developments in molecular biology and biotechnology have allowed numerous genomes to be analysed and genes identified. It is not surprising that this has been aided by the developments in the area of bioinformatics and whole genome analysis. DNA databases and other nucleic acid sequence and protein analysis software may all be accessed over the internet given the relevant software and authority (Table 1). This is now relatively straightforward with web browsers that provide a user-friendly graphical interface for sequence manipulation. Consequently, the new expanding and exciting areas of bioscience research are those that analyse genome and DNA sequence databases, (genomics) and also their protein counterparts (proteomics). This is sometimes referred to as in silico research, and there is no doubt that for basic and biotechnological research it is as important to have Internet and database access as it is to have equipment and reagents for laboratory molecular biology.
Table 1. Nucleic acid and protein database resources available over the Internet.