

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
The Scots dialects and Scottish Standard English: synchronic linguistic characteristics
المؤلف:
APRIL McMAHON
المصدر:
LEXICAL PHONOLOGY AND THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
الجزء والصفحة:
145-4
2024-12-09
1242
The Scots dialects and Scottish Standard English: synchronic linguistic characteristics
Now that detailed information on Modern Scots dialects and their Older Scots antecedents is readily accessible in the Edinburgh History of the Scots Language (Jones 1997), the information on Scots below can be relatively brief. Johnston (1997b) provides a dialect map giving the conventional division into Mid or Central (including Ulster), Southern, Northern and Insular Scots, with the addition of a more modern socio linguistic overlay reflecting the spread of innovations from the cities. A discussion and classification of dialect differences is beyond the scope of this work, and I shall generally concentrate on describing common Scots features rather than those which are specific to one dialect.
Scots speakers are likely to exhibit non-standard features in all areas of the grammar. In syntax, many Scots dialects have multiple negation, and there are also regional idiosyncracies like the role reversal of bring and take in Aberdeenshire, as seen in I'm in the garden; could you take me out a drink? In morphology, auxiliary plus negative sequences are contracted to give forms like cannae, couldnae, dinnae, didnae: these contractions have a limited distribution, however, and are replaced by can ye no, do ye no, etc., in tag questions. Scots is also peppered with non-standard lexical items, such as fankle for `tangle', skelf for `splinter', glaur for `wet mud', wabbit for `tired' and, in different parts of Scotland, beagie, neap or tumshie for `turnip'. Some of these lexical and morphosyntactic features also make their way, often in a rather diluted form, into SSE (Miller 1993). However, it is the sound system of Scots and SSE and its development.
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الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)