Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Semiotics
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Teaching Methods
Teaching Strategies
Consonants
المؤلف:
Kent Sakoda and Jeff Siegel
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
742-41
2024-04-30
868
Consonants
The consonants of both basilectal and mesolectal Hawai‘i Creole are basically the same as those of General American English. However, there are a few differences, and these are discussed below.The Hawai‘i Creole voiceless stops differ from those of General American English in some phonetic realizations. First, like English, voiceless stops are aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a syllable with primary stress, but unlike English they may be aspirated in other syllables as well, for example ['mɑkhet] ‘market’ and ['khɑthen] ‘carton’.
Second, voiceless stops that occur at the end of a word or at the end of a syllable followed by a consonant may be unreleased or glottalized, that is, pronounced with both oral articulation and glottal closure. In rapid speech [t] in this position may become a glottal stop, e.g. [nɑʔ] ‘not’.
Third, /t/ and /d/ are palatalized before /r/: [tʃri] ‘tree’, [ʤrɑɪ] ‘dry’. Finally, /t/ and /d/ are often used in place of what are /θ/ and /ð/ respectively in General American English.
Like General American English, /t/ and /d/ are flapped intervocalically in an unstressed syllable in normal speech, as in [miɾiŋ] ‘meeting’ and [bɑɾi] ‘body’. However, some flaps occur in Hawai‘i Creole where they are not found in General American English because of some of the differences in realizations described above, for example [wɪɾɑʊt] ‘without’ (because of /θ/ in place of /t/) and [poɾogi] ‘Portuguese’ because of /ɔ/ in place of /ɔr/.
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