Uses of The group 15 elements

     In the US, N₂ ranks second in industrial chemicals, and a large proportion of N₂ is converted to NH₃ . Gaseous N₂ is widely used to provide inert atmospheres, both industrially (e.g. in the electronics industry during the production of transistors etc.) and in laboratories. Liquid N₂ (bp 77 K) is an important coolant (Table 1.1) with  applications in some freezing processes.

      Nitrogen-based chemicals are extremely important, and include nitrogenous fertilizers nitric acid and nitrate salts, explosives such as nitroglycerine  and trinitrotoluene nitrite salts (e.g. in the curing of meat where they prevent discoloration by inhibiting oxidation of blood), cyanides and azides.

   By far the most important application of phosphorus is in phosphate fertilizers  we highlight this use and possible associated environmental problems. Bone ash (calcium phosphate) is used in the manufacture of bone china. Most white phosphorus is converted to H₃PO₄, or to compounds such as P₄O₁₀, P₄S₁₀, PCl₃ and POCl₃. Phosphoric acid is industrially very important and is used on a large scale in the production of fertilizers, detergents and food additives. It is responsible for the sharp taste of many soft drinks, and is used to remove oxide and scale from the surfaces of iron and steel. Phosphorus trichloride is also manufactured on a large scale; it is a precursor to many organophosphorus compounds, including nerve gases  flame retardants and insecticides. Phosphorus is important in steel manufacture and phosphor bronzes. Red phosphorus  is used in safety matches and in the generation of smoke (e.g. fireworks, smoke bombs).

    Arsenic salts and arsines are extremely toxic, and uses of arsenic compounds in weedkillers, sheep- and cattle -dips, and poisons against vermin are less widespread than was once the case. Antimony compounds are less toxic, but large doses result in liver damage. Potassium antimony tartrate (tartar emetic) was used medicinally as an emetic and expectorant but has now been replaced by less toxic reagents. Bismuth is one of the less toxic heavy metals and compounds, such as the subcarbonate (BiO)₂CO₃, find use in stomach remedies including treatments for peptic ulcers.    Arsenic is a doping agent in semiconductors and GaAs has widespread uses in solid state devices and semiconductors. Uses of As include those in the semiconductor industry, in alloys (e.g. it increases the strength of Pb) and in batteries. Sb₂O₃ is used in paints, adhesives and plastics, and as a flame retardant . Uses of Sb₂S₃ include those in photoelectric devices and electrophotographic recording materials, and as a flame retardant. Major uses of bismuth are in alloys (e.g. with Sn) and as Bi-containing compounds such as BiOCl in cosmetic products (e.g. creams, hair dyes and tints). Other uses are as oxidation catalysts and in high-temperature superconductors; Bi₂O₃ has many uses in the glass and ceramics industry, and for catalysts and magnets. The move towards lead-free solders has resulted in increased use of Bi-containing solders, e.g. Sn/Bi/Ag alloys. A number of other applications are emerging in which Bi substitutes for Pb, for example in bismuth shot for game-hunting.

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مواد التبادل الأيوني Ion exchanger

ظاهرة التبادل الايوني Ion Exchange

تاريخ التبادل الايوني Ion Exchange History

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