تسجيل الدخول

تسجيل

Non-locative meanings

المؤلف:  Angela Downing

المصدر:  ENGLISH GRAMMAR A UNIVERSITY COURSE

الجزء والصفحة:  P483-C12

2026-07-15

20

Non-locative meanings

For has been explained as the Beneficiary meaning, that is, intended Recipient. It also expresses purpose and intended destination (I’ve brought it for you; an extra-fast machine for copying; they’re making for the coast).

Like expresses similarity of features or character (She looks rather like Lady Macbeth, What is she like as a person?) It can also introduce a simile (The lake shone like a mirror) and draw on a more vague similarity of situations (Let’s not quarrel over a silly thing like this). Like is related to the predicative adjective alike (The brothers look alike) and to the adverb alike (The changes in climate affect young and old alike).

As is used when referring to roles, jobs or functions (He made his name as a pop singer; Have you ever worked as a shop assistant?). As is grammaticized in comparisons (as clear as crystal) and is related to the conjunction as (As I was saying, . . .).

With and without can signal (a) accompaniment and lack of it, respectively (I’ll go with you; she turned up at the gala dinner without her husband); (b) possession (a girl with red hair, a street without a name) or a part–whole relationship (a cup without a handle); or (c) instrument (he broke the lock with a hammer; she pushed her hair back with her hand).