Probing the Life of Complexes– Using Physical Methods

The behaviour of life on Earth that we can see with our eyes can be probed by observation and recorded using cameras. Move down from the macroscopic level through the microscopic level to the molecular leveland we eventually lose our ability to ‘see’ the  

species directly under most circumstances. Thus to probe the life of complexes or their behaviour as molecular species, we must resort to far more elaborate instrument-based techniques. Two of the most accessible spectroscopic techniques for chemists because instrumentation is relatively cheap and readily accessible in most laboratories, are UV–Vis or electronic spectrophotometry and IR or vibrational spectroscopy. Of the more expen sive instrumentation available, NMR is perhaps the most commonly employed. For both electronic and vibrational spectroscopy, the observation of a molecule happens extremely rapidly (<10-11 s) so we get an ‘instant’ view, and any rearrangements are too slow to be seen or influence outcomes. For NMR, timescales are of the order of 10-2–10-5 s, so that rearrangements where the activation energy is small (as in some fluxional molecules) may be probed, such as by varying temperature. We call these aspects the spectroscopic timeframe of the techniques; each method will have one which influences the tasks it can perform somewhat.

Whereas IR spectroscopy is often employed in coordination chemistry to identify functional groups or ligand types, and thus differs little from its application in organic chem is try UV-Vis spectroscopy for coordination complexes relies heavily on the special theories (crystal and ligand field theory) developed for these complexes. Thus, it will be a target for particular attention here. Another physical method closely tied up with these theories is magnetochemistry, which is again experimentally simple, and also the subject of attention below.

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مواضيع ذات صلة

Pretty in Red? - Colour and the Spectrochemical Series

Peak Performance– Illustrating Selected Physical Methods

Organometallic Synthesis

Reactions of Coordinated Ligands

Metal-directed Reactions

Reactions Involving the Metal Oxidation State

Catalysed Reactions

Chiral Complexes

Substitution Reactions without using a Solvent

Substitution Reactions in Nonaqueous Solvents

Reactions Involving the Coordination Shell

Block f : Inner Transition Metals (Lanthanoids and Actinoids)