Epidemiologists have long recognized that certain chemicals induce cancer, and Ames has shown that many bacterial mutagens are human carcinogens. The mutagenicity of chemicals, as detected by the reversion of a set of bacterial histidine mutants, correlates well with their carcinogenicity. Therefore chromosome damage in the form of mutations or small insertions and deletions is one cause of cancer. The next section explains how the exact base change responsible for induction of one particular cancer was determined.

In addition to small lesions, chromosomal rearrangements can alter either the expression or the structure of RNAs or proteins. Such chromosomal rearrangements are frequently observed in a class of cancers called Burkitt’s lymphomas in humans and plasmacytomas in mice. These are cancers of immunoglobulin-secreting cells, and therefore it is likely that the chromosome rearrangements in Burkitt’s lymphomas actually involve the immunoglobulin genes. Indeed, the chromosomes involved in the rearrangements usually are those that contain the heavy and light immunoglobulin genes (Fig. 1). The actual site of the chromosomal translocation in a Burkitt’s lymphoma can be identified by cloning the heavy chain constant region from lymphoma and non lymphoma cells. Many lymphomas contain a translocation that fuses part of chromosome 8 to a heavy chain switch region on chromosome 14 (Fig. 2). The junction of the translocation sometimes contains a sequence resembling the DNA it replaced, implying that a recombination event, or an immunoglobulin switch-related event, was responsible for the translocation. The DNA that has been translocated to the immunoglobulin region codes for one of the cell’s growth regulators known as c-myc. As a result of the translocation, its expression is deregulated and its gene is often slightly rearranged. Similar gene translocations of c-myc are also involved with mouse plasmacytomas.

Fig1. Human and mouse translocations associated with cancers of the immune system.

Fig2. Schematic of the heavy chain region of human chromosome 14 and the approximate location of the material from chromosome 8 that is translocated to chromosome 14. Transcripts originating in the region are also shown.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يعلن مشاركة ممثلين من 18 دولة إفريقية في خدمة زائري الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)

مصور في قسم إعلام العتبة العباسية المقدسة يحصد المركز الأول في مسابقة دولية

العتبة العباسية المقدسة تختتم مجالس العزاء بذكرى شهادة الإمام الحسن العسكري (عليه السلام)

مركز الكفيل يستأنف دوراته التدريبية في الإسعافات الأولية لمنتسبي العتبة العباسية المقدسة

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

دون آثار جانبية.. زيت عشبة طبيعية قد يعالج القلق

"ليكانيماب".. علاج الزهايمر يطرح رسميا في السوق الألمانية

متى يجب تنظيف الأسنان في الصباح.. قبل أم بعد الإفطار؟

ارتفاع الوفيات.. منظمة الصحة تدق جرس الإنذار بشأن الكوليرا

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

أكبر مشروع طاقة رياح في نصف الكرة الجنوبي يحقق إنجازين جديدين

5 أمور لا تفعلها أثناء تشغيل مكيف سيارتك

ضوء إدارة المحرك: أسئلة مهمة لفهم عمله ومعانيه

"واتساب" يطلق خاصية جديدة لكتابة الرسائل بالذكاء الاصطناعي

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Bacterially Induced Tumors in Plants

Phosphorylation and the Rapid Response

Chemotaxis: Methylation and Adaptation

The Energy for Chemotaxis

The Mechanism of Chemotaxis

How Cells Swim

Fundamental Properties of Chemotaxis

Assaying Chemotaxis

Lambda Phage Assembly: Formation of the Tail

Lambda Phage Assembly: Packaging the DNA and Formation of the cos Ends

Lambda Phage Assembly: The Head Assembly Sequence and Host Proteins

Lambda Phage Assembly: The Geometry of Capsids