• Diego system. Antigens: The Diego blood group system consists of two pairs of independent antithetic antigens, called Dia/Dib Wra/Wrb. The system also contains many low frequency antigens. The antigens of the Diego system are encoded by alleles located on chromosome 17 and are expressed on the AE-1 protein which appears to have the role of anion exchanger across the erythrocyte membrane. The Dia antigen is present almost exclusively in populations of Asian origin and in North and South American natives. Antibodies: These are usually immune antibodies (with the exception of anti-Wra), which can be detected even in the absence of exposure to nonself red blood cells) and can be clinically significant. The anti-Dia antibody has been associated with PTH and HDFN. The anti-Dib antibody is rare, but it too can generate HDFN. The anti- Wra antibody is quite common and, although rarely, can be associated with PTH and HDFN.

• Cartwright system. Antigens: The Yt (Cartwright) system consists of two antigens, Yta and Ytb, which are encoded by a pair of gene alleles located on chromosome 7. The Yt anti gens are found on the acetylcholinesterase of red blood cells. Antibodies: These are immune allo- antibodies of modest clinical significance, as they have never been implicated in cases of PTH or HDFN, although rare cases have been reported in which an anti-Yta has generated an accelerated destruction of Yta positive red blood cells transfused.

• Xg system. Xga Antigen: Discovered in 1962, it is an anti gen encoded by an on the X chromosome. Anti-Xga Antibody: It is a rare immune antibody, which reacts only to the antiglobulin test and is not considered clinically significant.

• Scianna system. Antigens: This erythrocyte blood group is composed of five antigens, named Sc1, Sc2, Sc3, Rd, and STAR, expressed on the cell adhesion protein ERMAP3. Sc1 is a high frequency antigen, while Sc2 occurs very rarely. The gene that encodes the Scianna antigens is located on chromosome 1. Antibodies: These are antibodies of rare finding and of modest clinical significance, not being associated with PTH and HDFN.

 • Dombrock system. The Antigens: Initially, this system consisted of the Doa and Dob antigens. Currently three other named high-frequency antigens (Gya, Hy, and Joa) have been associated with this erythrocyte blood group system. Antibodies: Anti-Doa and anti-Dob are rare anti bodies, sometimes identified in sera containing antibody mixtures. They are not associated with HDFN, but PTH sustained by these alloantibodies are described.

• Chido/Rodgers system. Antigens: The system is com posed of two high frequency antigens called Chido (Ch) and Rodgers (Rg), which are not part of red cell mem brane but are present on the C4 fraction of the complement and are therefore only subsequently adsorbed by the erythrocyte membrane. The gene is located on chromo some 6, in the region of the major histocompatibility complex (class III molecules). Antibodies: These are anti bodies substantially devoid of clinical significance.

• Gerbich system. The Antigens: The Gerbich system includes eight antigens, three of which are high frequency (Ge2, Ge3 and Ge4) and five are low frequency (Wb, Lsa, Ana, Dha, and GEIS). These antigens are expressed on Glycophorin C and Glycophorin D. Antibodies: Only anti-Ge2 antibodies may have any clinical significance, having been associated with rare cases of HDFN.

 • Colton system. The Antigens: The Colton system consists of a high frequency antigen (Coa) and a low frequency antigen (Cob), as well as an antigen considered to be the product of the Coa gene and the Cob gene, called Co3. The genes encoding the antigens of the Colton erythrocyte blood group system are located on chromosome 7 and expressed on an aquaporin. Antibodies: The anti-Coa antibody is considered clinically significant, since it can generate PTH and HDFN.

• Cromer system. Antigens: The Cromer system appears to consist of 10 high frequency antigens and three low frequency antigens. The antigens of this blood-group system are associated with the complement regulatory protein called DAF, (decay-accelerating factor), encoded by the DAF gene on chromosome 1. Antibodies: These are extremely rare immune antibodies of uncertain clinical significance.

• Knops system. Antigens: The antigens belonging to the Knops erythrocyte blood group system (Kna, Knb, McCa, McCb, Sla, Yka, Vil, and Sl3) are located on the receptor (CR1) of the C3b / C4b factors and encoded by a gene located on chromosome 1. Antibodies: Knops antibodies usually exhibit weak reactivity and varying intensity in serum antiglobulin tests. They are not considered to be clinically significant.

• Indian system. The antigens of the Indian system include a high-frequency antigen (Ina) and a low-frequency anti gen (Inb). They are associated with a widely spread adhesion molecule (CD44).

• System Ok. The Ok system consists of a single high frequency antigen, called Oka. Ok (a–) subjects are extremely rare and are exclusively Japanese. It is possible to generate an anti-Oka antibody, which is able to decrease the survival of transfused red blood cells.

• Raph system. The Raph system consists of a single anti gen, MER2, present in 90% of subjects.

• John Milton Hagen system. The John Milton Hagen (JMH) antigen is located on the CD108 glycoprotein.

 • Gill system. In this system, a single high frequency anti gen is represented, called GIL, localized on aquaporin 3. The antibody is not considered clinically significant.

• Red blood cell collections. In addition to the erythrocyte blood group systems already described previously, families or collections (defined collections) of antigens have been identified which, although having shared characteristics, do not meet the ISBT standards in order to be catalogued in an erythrocyte blood group system. These antigens were grouped in the Cost, Er and Vel collections. The Cost collection consists of two named antigens, Csa present in 98% of the population and Csb which has a frequency of about 34%. The Er collection consists of two antigens. It was present in 99% of the population and Erb which has a frequency of less than 1%. The VEL Collection includes two high frequency antigens called VEL and ABTI. Anti-VEL antibodies are frequently IgM, can fix complement, have been associated with PTH reactions.

• “Public” antigens and “private” antigens. With the term “public” antigens they are defined high frequency anti gens (present in over 99.9% of the population), while with the term “private” antigens they are defined low frequency antigens (present in less than 0.5% of the population). Among the public antigens those named Lan, Jra, AnWj, Ata, and Sda should be mentioned, while among the private antigens those named: By, Lia, Bi, Milne, Bxa, Ola, Chra, Pta, HJK, RASM, etc.

اخر الاخبار

اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة

استعدادًا لزيارة الأربعين.. العتبة العباسية تنظّم ورشة تدريبية لمتطوعي ميسان العاملين في مراكز إرشاد التائهين

شعبة الحرم الشريف تجري حملة لإدامة المرايا والثريات بمرقد أبي الفضل العباس (عليه السلام)

قسم الشؤون الفكرية ينظّم دورة متخصصة في الفهرسة الحديثة لملاكات جامعة كركوك

المجمع العلمي يواصل برنامج أشبال العميد لإحياء ليالي شهر المحرم في المثنى

المزيد

الآخبار الصحية

دراسة: البيض بريء من تهمة الكوليسترول الضار

ليست مجرد حلوى.. 7 فوائد "مذهلة" للشوكولاتة الداكنة

طفل واجه الموت.. مغناطيسان يجذبان بعضهما داخل معدته !

تعاني من الأرق؟.. إليك تمارين ستساعدك على النوم

المزيد

الآخبار التكنلوجية

أقصر يوم في تاريخ البشرية.. الموعد قريب ؟!!

مايكروسوفت تحذر شركات وأجهزة حكومية من هجوم "يوم الصفر"

لأول مرة.. فيديو يرصد ولادة كوكب !

"إكس 59".. ماذا نعرف عن طائرة ناسا "الخارقة"؟

المزيد

مواضيع ذات صلة

Erythrocyte Blood Group Antigenic Systems : Kell/Cellano System

Erythrocyte Blood Group Antigenic Systems : RhD RhCE System

osmolality, urine (Urine osmolality)

osmolality, blood (Serum osmolality)

nicotine and metabolites (Nicotine, Cotinine, 3-Hydroxy Cotinine, Nornicotine, Anabasine)

Nephelometry

Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Emerging Labeling Technologies

MNSs System

ABO, H, and Lewis Blood Groups and Structurally Related Antigens

Antibody Antigen Reaction in Erythrocyte Immunohematology

newborn metabolic screening