Places and manners of articulation

Glides

The sounds /j/ and /w/ that are found in English are by far the most common glides in languages of the world. A noteworthy addition to this category is the labio-palatal approximant, [ɥ], found in French (e.g. [mɥεt] “mute”).

While the additional symbols are useful in dealing with sounds that are not found in English, they may not be sufficient when dealing with data from a disordered population. Here, we may require extra refinement in the form of new symbols and/or diacritics to accurately reflect the atypical productions, which are rarely found in natural languages, or not found at all. Among such articulations we may find the following: dento-labials, the reverse of labio-dentals, are articulated between the upper lip and the lower front teeth. These may include stops [p͆, b͆], nasal [m͆], and fricatives [f͆, v͆]. Labio-alveolars, which are common with speakers with excessive overbite for target labials and labio-dentals, are articulated between the lower lip and the alveolar ridge (e.g. [ p͇, b͇, m͇, f͇, v͇]). In clinical data, fricatives may be found with simultaneously median airflow over the center of the tongue and laterally (e.g. [I͜s, I͜z]), as well as fricatives with friction located within the nasal cavity (i.e. fricatives with nasal escape), [m͋, n͋, ŋ͋]. Also commonly cited are labio-dental stops [p, b] and the velopharyngeal fricative (more commonly known as the velopharyngeal snort) [fŋ]. The sounds cited above do not constitute an exhaustive list of possible atypical articulations found in disordered speech. For a more detailed account and complete diacritics, including transcription conventions for phonatory activities and connected speech modes, the reader is referred to Ball and Lowry (2001).

مواضيع ذات صلة

Spelling and Pronunciation SUMMARY

American English vs. British English

Morphological Basis of English Spelling

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Vowels

Phoneme–Grapheme Correspondences in English Consonants

Spelling and Pronunciation Irregularity of English Spelling

Structural Factors in Second Language Phonology SUMMARY

Perception

Optimality Theory (OT)

Ontogeny Phylogeny Model (OPM)

Markedness

Hypercontrast