Grammar
Tenses
Present
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple
Future
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Passive and Active
Parts Of Speech
Nouns
Countable and uncountable nouns
Verbal nouns
Singular and Plural nouns
Proper nouns
Nouns gender
Nouns definition
Concrete nouns
Abstract nouns
Common nouns
Collective nouns
Definition Of Nouns
Verbs
Stative and dynamic verbs
Finite and nonfinite verbs
To be verbs
Transitive and intransitive verbs
Auxiliary verbs
Modal verbs
Regular and irregular verbs
Action verbs
Adverbs
Relative adverbs
Interrogative adverbs
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place
Adverbs of reason
Adverbs of quantity
Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of affirmation
Adjectives
Quantitative adjective
Proper adjective
Possessive adjective
Numeral adjective
Interrogative adjective
Distributive adjective
Descriptive adjective
Demonstrative adjective
Pronouns
Subject pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Personal pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Emphatic pronoun
Distributive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Pre Position
Preposition by function
Time preposition
Reason preposition
Possession preposition
Place preposition
Phrases preposition
Origin preposition
Measure preposition
Direction preposition
Contrast preposition
Agent preposition
Preposition by construction
Simple preposition
Phrase preposition
Double preposition
Compound preposition
Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunction
Correlative conjunction
Coordinating conjunction
Conjunctive adverbs
Interjections
Express calling interjection
Grammar Rules
Preference
Requests and offers
wishes
Be used to
Some and any
Could have done
Describing people
Giving advices
Possession
Comparative and superlative
Giving Reason
Making Suggestions
Apologizing
Forming questions
Since and for
Directions
Obligation
Adverbials
invitation
Articles
Imaginary condition
Zero conditional
First conditional
Second conditional
Third conditional
Reported speech
Linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Semantics
Pragmatics
Linguistics fields
Syntax
Morphology
Semantics
pragmatics
History
Writing
Grammar
Phonetics and Phonology
Reading Comprehension
Elementary
Intermediate
Advanced
Prosodic features
المؤلف: Edgar W. Schneider
المصدر: A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة: 1126-67
2024-07-06
567
The deletion of word-initial unstressed syllables (as in ‘bout, ‘cept) is reported as a regular feature of EAfE, AAVE, Gullah, NfldE, and all antipodean varieties and as occurring variably in several British and a few more American dialects as well as StHE and InSAfE. Shifting of word stress to late syllables in a polysyllabic word is reported for IrE, the T&TCs and a few more Caribbean and American contact varieties, and, most generally, several West African, South African, and Asian varieties. While BrE, AmE, AusE and NZE are stress-timed, the Caribbean Creoles, most West African varieties, most dialects of SAfE, StHE, and all Asian Englishes and Pacific contact varieties (including Maori English and AbE) display a strong tendency toward a syllable-timed rhythm.
While it seems quite clear that different intonation contours characterize many varieties of English, and possibly play a major role in accent identification, little systematic research has been devoted to this aspect. One such feature that has been frequently observed and addressed in recent years is the use of a high-rising terminal contour (“HRT”) at the end of affirmative statements. This occurs fairly generally in British, American, Caribbean, Australian and New Zealand dialects and occasionally in Africa and Asia; in general, the phenomenon is assumed to be spreading globally among the young.
Whether even some varieties of English can count as tone languages is disputed, but it is clear that in Caribbean Creoles and African varieties tonal distinctions play a major role. Distinctive tone is claimed to occur regularly in the SurCs and T&TCs, in all Nigerian varieties, and in CamPE.