

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

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Assessment
Movement of stress to an earlier syllable
المؤلف:
Augustin Simo Bobda
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
897-50
2024-05-17
1219
Movement of stress to an earlier syllable
From the ultimate syllable to the initial syllable in words of two syllables:
Iacute, Idespite, Iextent, IJuly, Irecord (verb), Isuccess, Isuspense, Itowards, Iunlike.
From the ultimate syllable to the penultimate syllable in words of three syllables:
Ca Iribbean, Eu Iropean, Tan Izania.
From the penultimate syllable to the initial syllable in words of three syllables:
Iagenda, Iagreement, Iassociate (adj/noun), Iattorney, Ideposit (noun), Idiploma, Iinsurance, Iopponent, Iphonetics, Iumbrella.
From the penultimate syllable to the antepenultimate syllable in words of four syllables:
a »dolesence, a »postolic, con »valescence, con »valescent, scientific [sa Ijantifik].
From the last syllable to the initial syllable in words of three syllables:
Iexpertise, Icigarette, Ireferee.
From the antepenultimate syllable to the pre-antepenultimate (initial) syllable in words of four syllables:
Iappropriate (adj), Iimpossible, Iincredible, Iirrelevant, Iirregular.
Stress placement in CamE is not random: it is predictable from a number of parameters which include the phonetic factor, the morphological factor, the word class, whether a noun is a common noun or a forename; several factors can also combine to generate a stress pattern.
One illustration of the phonetic factor is that words ending with rhyme /i (C)/ tend to be stressed on the final syllable as in aun Itie, cur Iry, Ira Iqui, Israe Ili, Pakista Ini, pet Ity, se Imi - (semi-final), Soma Ili, sure Ity; Bap Itist, bis Icuit, spe Icies, ten Inis, ty Ipist. Words ending with a final /n/ also tend to be stressed finally, as in cara Ivan, harmat Itan, plan Itain, cello Iphane, hurri Icane, Ama Izon, car Iton, cou Ipon, mara Ithon, mo Iron, cy Iclone, hor Imone, o Izone, bari Itone; and there is an even greater predilection for final stress in words ending in /in/, e.g. aspi Irin, bulle Itin, gan Igrene, hy Igiene, jave Ilin, para Ifin, penicil Ilin, tarpau Ilin. A further illustration of the phonetic factor in stress placement is that consonant clusters tend to attract stress to a later syllable, as in ancestor, calendar, comment (verb), cy Ilinder, or Ichestra, Pro Itestant.
The morphological factor refers to the fact that a large number of affixes have predictable and stable stress patterns. For example, the negative prefix is almost systematically self-stressed; e.g. Iillegal, Iimpossible, Iimmature, Iirrelevant. The following suffixes are self-stressed -ative, (e.g. cumu Ilative, ten Itative), - atory (expla Inatory, prepa Iratory), -ature (candi Idature, legis Ilature), -cide (homi Icide, pesti Icide), -itive (compe Ititive, repe Ititive), -land (Nether Ilands, New-Zea Iland, Switzer Iland), -man (fire Iman, gentle Iman), -oir(e) (me Imoire, reser Ivoir), -phone (Anglo Iphone, tele Iphone). The following suffixes attract stress to the preceding syllable (they are referred to in Simo Bobda (1994, 1997) as pre-stressed One (PS1) suffixes): -age (pa Irentage, vaga Ibondage), -an (cosmopo Ilitan, dio Icesan), -ary (le Igendary, pla Inetary), -al (elec Itrical, pas Itoral), -ism (bilingu Ialism, tri Ibalism), -ist (dra Imatist, poly Igamist), -ous (moun Itainous, volu Iminous). A more comprehensive analysis of the stress property of affixes can be found in Simo Bobda (1994).
The word class factor can be illustrated by the fact that in nouns, rather than in verbs for example, stress tends to be established earlier in the word, as in Iadvice (contrast ad Ivise), Iapplause (contrast ap Iplaud), Iexchange (n) (contrast ex Ichange (verb)), Iconstraint (noun) (contrast cons Itraint (verb)); further examples of backward nominal stress are Iabyss, Icanoe ([Ikenu]), Iacumen, Iarena, Iassassin, Idiploma Ilumbago, Iumbrella.
English forenames have a greater predilection for forward stress than common nouns. The multitude of forenames with forward stress in CamE include A Igatha, Chris Itopher, Jes Isica, Jo Inathan, Pa Imela, Fer Idinand. Further evidence for the predilection of forenames to have forward stress is provided by the fact that words like comfort and prudence which can be both a common noun and a forename have backward stress (as in RP) in their common noun form ( Icomfort, Iprudence) and forward stress in their forename form (Com Ifort, Pru Idence).
Illustrations of the combination of factors for stress placement include the fact that verbs ending in obstruents are almost systematically stressed on the final syllable, as in chal Ilenge, eli Icit, embar Irass, exhi Ibit, hi Ijack, inter Ipret, kid Inap, ran Isack (combination of the phonetic and word class factors). Another illustration is the fact that the final rhyme /i (C)/ and the fact that the following items are forenames both combine to yield final stress: Be Icky, Jes Isie, Lu Icy, Nel Ily, Sam Imy; A Ilice, Do Iris, Sal Ily. Final stress is even more systematic when /C/ is a nasal, as in Cathe Irine, Jacque Iline, Jose Iphine.
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