

Grammar


Tenses


Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous


Past

Past Simple

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous


Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous


Parts Of Speech


Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Animate and Inanimate nouns

Nouns


Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Verbs


Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adverbs


Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective


Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pronouns


Pre Position


Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition


Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

prepositions


Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

conjunctions


Interjections

Express calling interjection

Phrases

Sentences


Grammar Rules

Passive and Active

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Demonstratives

Determiners


Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

Phonetics and Phonology

Semiotics


Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced


Teaching Methods

Teaching Strategies

Assessment
Approximants
المؤلف:
Magnus Huber
المصدر:
A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology
الجزء والصفحة:
860-47
2024-05-11
1326
Approximants
GhE is non-rhotic (i.e. non-prevocalic R is usually not pronounced) since its historical model is the British standard. However, in contrast to RP, GhE does not have linking or intrusive R’s.
The phonetic quality of GhE /r/ is usually [ɻ] (retroflex approximant as in RP), with which Ghanaians are familiar from some dialects of Akan. A large number of Ghanaians lives and works abroad, in Europe but especially in the United States and Canada. During their absence from Africa, a good number acquires some measure of an American accent and such a pronunciation is regarded by many Ghanaians as a sign of material success, characterizing someone who has made a small fortune abroad. Thus, some features of American English, like rhoticity or intervocalic flapping of /t/, are present in the speech of some been-tos ‘returnees from overseas’. Americanisms in pronunciation are also strongly present in radio and TV advertising and in the speech of radio moderators hosting music programs or other informal broadcasts. It seems, however, that Americanisms are largely restricted to the informal sector in the media; the news, for example, is always read by speakers with a non-rhotic accent.
L-reduction and/or vocalization can be observed especially where RP has a syllabic L: available [avelabul], circle [sεkɔ'] , apple [apɔ], example [εgzampu]. In these reduction processes, the vowel preceding L is velarized to [ɔ ~ u]. These processes also occur in environments where colloquial BrE does not show L-vocalization: will [wɔ' ~ wu'], fiscal [fiska], shall [ʃa]. Ghanaian languages differ as to the phonological status of /l, r/: in the majority of the Kwa languages, including most of the Akan dialects, Ewe, and Ga-Dangme, [l, r] are in allophonic distribution. Some northern languages like Dagaare, Dagbani, and Kasem have /l/, but [r] occurs only as an allophone of /d/. Other Gur languages, including Frafra and Kusal, have two separate phonemes /l/ and /r/, as does the Kwa language Gonja. Because of this [l ~ r] alternation, especially in the south of Ghana but to some extent also in the north, pronunciations like bless [brεs], block [brk], play [pre], or properly [prɔpεrɪ] can be heard particularly among less educated, older speakers. The reverse, i.e. [l] for /r/, appears to be less frequent, but one example is problem [plɔblεm].
GhE pronunciation differs from RP in that orthographic wh- is often rendered as [hw], so that the question words what, where, which, or why are pronounced
and [hwai], respectively. This is another feature that could have its historical origin in Scottish influence in the Gold Coast, reinforced by spelling pronunciation. As with many other features, there is again variability, with speakers alternating between [hw-] and [w-].
Another difference from RP is that in GhE we find variable yod-dropping (RP /ju:/ > GhE /u/), e.g. in annual [anual], continuing [kɔntinuiŋ] , duress [durεs] or during [durin].
الاكثر قراءة في Phonology
اخر الاخبار
اخبار العتبة العباسية المقدسة
الآخبار الصحية

قسم الشؤون الفكرية يصدر كتاباً يوثق تاريخ السدانة في العتبة العباسية المقدسة
"المهمة".. إصدار قصصي يوثّق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة فتوى الدفاع المقدسة للقصة القصيرة
(نوافذ).. إصدار أدبي يوثق القصص الفائزة في مسابقة الإمام العسكري (عليه السلام)