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اختر القسم

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سيرة الرسول وآله
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موافق

Grammar

Tenses

Present

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past

Past Continuous

Past Perfect

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

Future

Future Simple

Future Continuous

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Continuous

Passive and Active

Parts Of Speech

Nouns

Countable and uncountable nouns

Verbal nouns

Singular and Plural nouns

Proper nouns

Nouns gender

Nouns definition

Concrete nouns

Abstract nouns

Common nouns

Collective nouns

Definition Of Nouns

Verbs

Stative and dynamic verbs

Finite and nonfinite verbs

To be verbs

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Auxiliary verbs

Modal verbs

Regular and irregular verbs

Action verbs

Adverbs

Relative adverbs

Interrogative adverbs

Adverbs of time

Adverbs of place

Adverbs of reason

Adverbs of quantity

Adverbs of manner

Adverbs of frequency

Adverbs of affirmation

Adjectives

Quantitative adjective

Proper adjective

Possessive adjective

Numeral adjective

Interrogative adjective

Distributive adjective

Descriptive adjective

Demonstrative adjective

Pronouns

Subject pronoun

Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun

Reciprocal pronoun

Possessive pronoun

Personal pronoun

Interrogative pronoun

Indefinite pronoun

Emphatic pronoun

Distributive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

Pre Position

Preposition by function

Time preposition

Reason preposition

Possession preposition

Place preposition

Phrases preposition

Origin preposition

Measure preposition

Direction preposition

Contrast preposition

Agent preposition

Preposition by construction

Simple preposition

Phrase preposition

Double preposition

Compound preposition

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunction

Correlative conjunction

Coordinating conjunction

Conjunctive adverbs

Interjections

Express calling interjection

Grammar Rules

Preference

Requests and offers

wishes

Be used to

Some and any

Could have done

Describing people

Giving advices

Possession

Comparative and superlative

Giving Reason

Making Suggestions

Apologizing

Forming questions

Since and for

Directions

Obligation

Adverbials

invitation

Articles

Imaginary condition

Zero conditional

First conditional

Second conditional

Third conditional

Reported speech

Linguistics

Phonetics

Phonology

Semantics

Pragmatics

Linguistics fields

Syntax

Morphology

Semantics

pragmatics

History

Writing

Grammar

literature

Reading Comprehension

Elementary

Intermediate

Advanced

Phonology Some general comments

المؤلف:  Ben Elugbe

المصدر:  A Handbook Of Varieties Of English Phonology

الجزء والصفحة:  831-46

2024-05-08

69

Phonology

Some general comments

Mafeni (1971) must be recognized as the first scientific publication on NigP phonology, whose validity remains today. The dialect of NigP described by Mafeni is the Bendelian variety – the same as in Elugbe and Omamor (1991). This variety is spoken in the old Bendel State, now divided into Delta and Edo States. It is spoken very widely throughout Edo State and in the non-Igboid parts of Delta State. In the Igboid parts of Delta State, Igbo competes very strongly with NigP. In the Warri/Sapele parts of the State, NigP has creolized – as Elugbe and Omamor (1991) point out.

 

Although I address the Bendel variety here, it is necessary to point out that regional varieties often have minor differences in consonant and vowel systems as well as in vocabulary. A very easy and self-evident example is in the area of food. The NigP speaker from Kano may not be familiar with what a speaker from Warri means by /staʃstarch, a common, cassava-based food in the Delta. On the other hand, the Warri speaker may not know what the Kano speaker means by tuwo, a kind of pounded or kneaded food which is mainly rice-based. Nevertheless, there is complete mutual intelligibility between the regional varieties of NigP.

 

Speakers of NigP are known for the ease with which they use words in an ad hoc manner to describe specific concepts. However, a phonology of NigP can and should only describe a sound system based on the core of stable vocabulary that can be established as characterizing NigP all over Nigeria. Today several sub-varieties of NigP can be recognized:

(a) Northern variety, heavily influenced by Hausa;

(b) a South-western variety, newly emerged and often very like the Bendel variety;

(c) the Bendel variety, also referred to as Bendelian here, which some regard as standard (for example Elugbe and Omamor 1991);

(d) a Rivers variety with a very noticeable coloration from the Ijoid and other small languages of the Rivers and Bayelsa States;

(e) a South-eastern variety in the geopolitical zone referred to as the Southeast with a heavy Igbo coloration; and, finally,

(f) a Cross River variety which is heavily colored by the Cross River languages, especially Efik-Ibibio.

In Nigeria, NigP has no official status even though Government and its agents, like the National Orientation Agency (NOA), now use it as a means of reaching a wider audience.